论我国农业政策性金融发展战略

【作者】 黄叶轩；

【导师】 刘华富；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 产业经济学， 2000， 硕士

【摘要】 农业是国民经济的基础产业，也是社会经济中具有战略地位的行业。随着世界各国工业化程度的提高，农业占国民经济的产值和就业比重不断下降，但农业却越来越受到各国政府的重视和保护，不惜动用大量财力进行重点扶持。这一现象表现在金融领域，就是各国纷纷成立农业政策性金融机构，对农业生产、流通等领域进行政策性扶持。我国农业政策性金融伴随着我国农业发展而产生和发展，在确立社会主义市场经济作为改革的目标取向后，农业政策性金融和商业性金融逐渐分离并不断发展。1994年底成立了我国专门的农业政策性金融机构——中国农业发展银行，通过办理粮棉油收购贷款、农业扶贫贷款、综合开发贷款来具体执行政策性支农任务。农发行成立的短短几年来，在“敞开收购”、“不打白条”的政策要求下，大力支持农副产品收购的同时，促进了农业生产，保证了农民增产增收。但随着农业连年丰收，农产品相对过剩的情况下，“卖难”困绕着国有粮食企业，同时也使农发行的经营陷入了两难境地。一方面，80%以上的资金来源于中央银行的贷款；另一方面，90%以上的资产被粮食收储企业占用，不能实现信贷资金的良性循环。如何改革完善农发行的经营，抽出更多资金拓展业务范围，实现全方位的金融支农成为本文的写作目的。文章从社会主义市场经济的角度出发，在农业政策性金融的政策性和金融性、计划性和市场性的多重特征下，选取了几个有代表性的问题，探讨我国农业政策性金融的发展完善之路；用理论和实践相结合的方法论证我国粮食市场改革的出路应以市场为主要配置工具；从历史和现实相结合的角度阐述我国农业区域发展战略，并对我国加入世贸组织农业经济国际化后的农业支持政策进行了深入探讨。在本篇论文的写作中体现出的特点是坚持运用了马克思主义的辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的基本理论来分析问题，正确认识和把握“敞开收购”政策的“两面性”。在充分肯定了按保护价敞开收购农民<WP=3>手中余粮政策的积极效应的同时，明确阐述其对粮食市场的扭曲所带来的诸多弊端。在分析方法上，注重运用经济学的一般分析方法，如一般分析和特殊分析、规范分析和实证分析。尽可能较为客观科学地描述我国农业政策性金融的内在特殊经营机制以及金融支农的切入点。文章还创造性地提出农业政策性银行的承贷主体和农业投资主体一样应该是农民和农户家庭的观点，从而避免农发行实际运行中承贷主体虚化和贷款责任难落实的问题。全文共分四个部分：第一章：农业政策性金融基础理论。　从理论上分析和概述了我国农业政策性金融的存在基础，以及运行机制的特殊性，并联系实际，针对现行农发行经营中存在的问题，提出以后章节需要解答的问题，是全文的基础理论部分。农业为人类提供基本生活资料，为保护和整治人类生存环境，在国民经济中的战略地位不可替代。在市场经济条件下，农业由于生产周期长、农产品需求价格弹性小，导致农业生产容易产生剧烈波动。中国和世界各国一样，对农业施以支持和保护，并在此基础上促进农民富裕，农村繁荣。这使得农业政策性金融的产生具有必然性。农业政策性银行是财政和金融的结合体，具有独特的经营目标模式，并由此决定了农业政策性银行的特殊动力机制和约束机制。此外，在长期从事低利、高风险的项目贷款，必须要保证农业政策性银行有一个稳定的利益补偿机制，及时弥补由于执行政府信贷政策而造成的亏损和经营费用，以确保农业政策性银行的持续、稳健经营。通过几年来的运营，农发行日益暴露出一些问题。参照国外农业政策性银行的经营，结合我国的实际，提出了农发行的发展方向：1．拓宽业务范围，多渠道多手段地支持农业、农村、农民。2．实行区域倾斜政策，区别对待，促进区域间农村经济协调发展。3．面临中国加入世界贸易组织，农业经济国际化之际，必须及时调整农业支持政策。第二章：我国农业政策性金融的改革。本章重在联系实际，对当<WP=4>前农业政策性银行信贷资金不能实现良性循环的实际作了深入研究，并对农业开发贷款中的贷款责任难以落实的问题进行了分析，是全文的中心部分。政府实施保护价格收购农产品，从流通领域支持农业。为保持农产品价格，在供大于求的情况下，只需收购其中的供求差额，并使其退出市场流通。政府没有必要也不可能收购市场全部农产品。改革的出路是实行政策性储备业务和商业性经营业务彻底分开，经营业务向社会开放，吸收社会资金参与收购。农发行在完成储备业务贷款的条件下，即可腾出资金和精力加大农业开发力度，从生产环节支持农业。文中还使用了两个例证说明农业政策性金融在支农护农过程中，并不仅仅只有从粮食流通领域才能完成。因为支农的意义是广泛的，农业发展、农民富裕、农村繁荣也是相辅相成的。还有一个问题是在农业开发贷款中贷款责任往往难以落实，文中对如何使银行在确定风险得到有效防范的前提下敢于贷款给没有财产抵押的农民作了一定分析。第三章：农业政策性金融区域发展战略。我国农村地域辽阔，各地区农业生产的自然资源、交通、文化都存在差异，这也决定了经济发展在区域间的不平衡。政?更多还原

【Abstract】 Agriculture is the basic industry of the national economy. As the level of industrialization in the world is rising day by day, the proportion of agricultural output value and employment is dropping in the national economy as a whole. But all the governments in this world give more and more support and protection to agriculture. In the financial field, the governments established agricultural policy banks specially to support agricultural producing and trading.In the process of transforming its traditional planned economy to socialist market-oriented economy, China’s agricultural policy banking business was separated from commercial banking business and expanded gradually. At the end of 1994, a special policy financial institution, Agricultural Policy Bank of China (APBC), was founded to guarantee financial input through policy loans. As a product of agricultural financial structure reform and since its establishment and operation, APBC has achieved remarkable results in development of agriculture prevention of loss in the purchasing grain, cotton and edible oil; improvement of agricultural policy financial system and operation mechanism. It has displayed special functions of agricultural policy bank, which is unreplaceable by other commercial banks.After years of bumper harvests, agricultural products supply exceeds its demand. State foodstuff -purchasing enterprises can’t sell out huge stocks of surplus grains, as a result, APBC can’t recall its loans. Starting from this issue, the thesis systematically analyses the reality of APBC operation, inquires into the ways to improve APBC operation, to broaden its scope of business, and to realize the function of supporting agriculture in whole course.Based on the socialist market economy, this thesis chooses some representative problems in APBC operation and explores the way of <WP=7>perfecting it. Following the logic thought system "what-why-how", the thesis adopts the Marxism analysis approach. It affirms fully the definitely active and effective policy and measures taken in the foodstuff reform in our country, and indicates the shortages in current foodstuff reform, such as the purchase-monopolization against the state foodstuff-purchasing enterprises to increase efficiency.This thesis consists of four chapters:Chapter One, "Theoretical base of agricultural policy finance". Agriculture supplies mankind daily essential necessities. Its special position in the national economy spells out that the policy to support, protect and promote agriculture should be implemented in the system of socialist market economy. To establish an efficient agricultural policy bank is a major measure to guarantee credit input. The agricultural policy bank, which is the joint of commercial banking business and policy banking business, has a special operation mechanism. After past years of operation, many problems were exposed, and solving this problem points out the direction of APBC long-term development.1.Broaden APBC operating scope, support agricultural and rural economy in all directions.2.Excute regional slanting policy, give more support to poverty-stricken areas, and promote harmonious development between regions.3.Facing agricultural economy internationalization and China admission WTO, adjust its agricultural supporting policy in time.Chapter Two, "The reform of Chinese agricultural policy finance". This chapter emphasizes on the practice of APBC in real operating activities and exerts on debating the theory about credit funds sealed operation and circulation. It’s the central part of the thesis.The government purchases agricultural products at protective price and supports agriculture in circulation. Through systematical analysis of <WP=8>the domestic foodstuff market, the thesis gives findings: When the volume of foodstuff supply exceeds the demand, the government only purchases the surplus to keep the agricultural price. It’s no use and not possible to purchase all the products in the market. We must split policy-reserving business from commerci更多还原