我国保险法制建设的历史回顾及其思考

【作者】 余兵；

【导师】 林义； 付代国；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 金融学， 2000， 硕士

【摘要】 保险法制建设包括立法、执法和守法。我国的保险法制建设历史将近一百年。在这近百年的保险法制建设中，我们能从中学习到什么经验和教训，这将有助于我国今后的保险法制建设。现在的保险法规还有些什么缺陷和不足？为了适应日益迅速发展的保险业，还应该制定哪些保险法规？此外，笔者还对如何搞好保险法制建设工作提出了自己的见解。 本文以马克思主义唯物辩证法为指导思想，反复运用从分析到综合、从具体到抽象、归纳总结等研究方法。 本文的内容共分三章。第一章是对我国保险法制建设的历史回顾及其思考。保险立法开始于清朝末年，新兴的资产阶级面对日益严重的民族危机，要求反抗外敌，改革现状。在这种情况下，清政府于1902年下令斟酌旧律，拟定新律。在保险法律方面，清政府拟定了几部有关的法律，如《钦定大清商律》、《大清商律草案》等。由于辛亥革命的爆发，并没有正式颁布实施，但清政府的保险法制建设意识是值得肯定的。北洋政府期间，保险业有了一定的发展。《保险契约法草案》和《保险业法案》均由于北洋政府的垮台而未获实施。在国内革命战争时期，保险法规得到逐步完善。国民党政府于1929年颁布了《保险法》，内分总则、损害保险、人身保险3章共82条。1935年行政院颁布了《保险业法》，内分总则、保证金、保险公司、相互保险社、会计、法则、附则7章共80条。这是两部很重要的保险法律，但国民党政府迫于帝国主义的压力没有颁布施行日期。抗日战争时期，保险法制进一步完善，《保险法》和《保险业法》经过了修改。尽管如此，保险业没有一部公开实施的保险法，为保险业的发展提供法律保护，这体现了当局政府的软弱性及妥协性。新中国成立后，我国制定了一系列保险法规，对保险公司的公有化作出了贡献，但保险业的发展仅靠制定强制保险法规来发展是不够的，而且会遭 到保户的抵制。新中国成立后至 19 7 9年，我国的保险业历经“四起三 落”，政府对保险业的作用认识不清，保险法制建设停滞不前。从1980 年恢复保险后，保险法制建设工作有了一些进展，但由于保险业独家经 营，法制建设还远远不能适应保险业发展的需要，“无法可依，有法不 依，执法不严”是那时的真实写照。95年《保险法》的颁布实施标志着我 国保险法制建设工作迈上了一个新的台阶。自那以后，一系列配套的保 险法规的出台使我国的保险法律体系初步形成，为保险业的发展打下 了基础。 第二章是对我国在保险法制建设工作中取得的成就及存在的不足 进行探讨。我国近几年来在保险法制建设中取得的成绩是有目共睹的。 以《保险法》为基本框架，在保险业法方面制定了《保险管理暂行规定入 《保险公司管理规定入《保险代理人管理规定（试行乃A保险经纪人管 理规定（试行乃A机动车辆保险条款凡《保险机构高级管理人员任职资 格管理暂行规定入《机动车辆保险单证监制管理规定》等。在保险合同 法方面，新《合同法》适用于保险合同。在保险特别法方面，《海商法》中 专门有海上保险专章，就有关海上保险作出了详细的规定。 自《保险法》颁布实施至今已将近五年了，它的不合理的方面也逐 渐暴露出来。如第16条“…投保人因过失未履行如实告知义务，对保险 事故的发生有严重影响的，保险人对于保险合同解除前发生的保险事 故，不承担赔款或者给付保险金的责任，但可以退还保险费”。此条款不 合理处在于：一是没有规定不可抗辩权的期限。根据新《合同法》的有关 规定，保险合同满一年后，投保人由于故意或过失未履行如实告知义务 已是既成事实，保险人是不可以单方面解除保险合同的。二是保险人可 以利用“但可以退还保险费”来投机，因为保险人发觉投保人的过失行 为时可以根据具体情况来利用此条款，即保险事故没有发生时就不作 出反应，趁此机会赚取保费；当保险事故发生时就利用此条款来解除合 同，其损失最多是退还保费（也可以不退还保费，因为保险法没有耍求 必须退还保费人又如第30条规定“关于保险合同的条款，保险人与投 保人、被保险人或者受益人有争议时，人民法院或者仲裁机关应当作出 有利于被保险人和受益人的解释”。“争议”的解释通常是“各抒己见，互 2 相辩论＼ 只要双方对条款的解释意见不一，各抒己见，就属于“有争 议＼此条款是否可借鉴我国台湾保险法的有关规定“保险契约之解释， 应探求契约当事人之真意，不得拘泥于所用之文字；如有疑义时，以作 有利于被保险人之解释为原则＼ 另外，第10条八5条石3条J4条、 104条等也有不合理的地方。其它保险法规也是如此，如《保险代理人 管理规定（试行乃第54条，《机动车辆保险条款》等。 第三章是对保更多还原

【Abstract】 Insurance legal system construction consists of legislation, execution and abidance. During the nearly 100 years history of insurance legal system construction, what can we absorb and learn from history is useful for future insurance legal system construction. What are the drawbacks and insufficiency of the present insurance laws and regulations? In order to satisfy the quickly developing insurance industry, what insurance laws and regulations should be made. Moreover, there are some suggestions provided for how to improve insurance legal system construction. Under the guidence of Marxism and dialectical materialism, this dissertation uses analysis to integration, particular to abstract, induction to summarization research methods. This dissertation consists of three parts. Part one is about history review?of insurance legal system construction and thinking. Insurance legal system construction started at the end of Qing Dynasty. In 1902, the Qing Dynasty government decided to make new laws. On the aspect of insurance laws, Great Qing Dynasty Business law etc. was made, but it was not brought into effect because of the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. However, the Qing Dynasty government’s insurance law consciousness is worthy of appreciation. During the Northern Warlords Government period, insurance industry had a certain development; Insurance Contract Law Draft and Insurance Industry Law Draft were not implemented because of the collapse of the Northern Warlords Government. During the civil war, insurance legal system was improved. The 1 GuoMingDang Party published Insurance Law in 1929, which consisted of General Rules; Damage Insurance; Life Insurance; total 82 provisions. In 1935, Insurance Industry Law was published, which consists of General Rules; Guarantee Fund; Insurance Company; Mutual Insurance Community; Accounting; Punish Rules; Supplementary Articles; total 80 provisions. The two laws are very important, but its execution time was not published because of the imperialism’s despotic power. In the anti ?Japanese war, insurance legal system was improved better; Insurance Law and Insurance Industry Law were replenished. However, there was not a single insurance law which was put into effect to provide law protection for insurance industry’s develQpment. It shows the GuoMingDang Party government’s weakness and compromise. After 1949, a series of insurance laws were made which contributed to the insurance company’s publicly owned action. During the time of 1949 to 1979, insurance industry was canceled?and recovered time and time again. The government had a blurred knowledge about insurance industry’s function, so insurance legal system construction was stopped. From the time insurance industry recovered in 1980, insurance legal system construction was started again, but it can not satisfy insurance industry’s developing need because of only one insurance company operated in China. "here are no insurance laws to abide by, no one abides by insurance laws, executing insurance laws is not serious?is the situation description. Insurance Law (published in 1995) symbolizes insurance legal system construction taking a new step. After that, a series of relevant insurance laws and regulations were published and insurance legal system is initially formed. Part two discusses achievement and insufficiency,更多还原