中国农村养老保障模式探讨

【作者】 彭利；

【导师】 林义； 付代国；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 金融学， 2000， 硕士

【摘要】 在加速发展的全球人口老龄化背景下，养老保障制度改革已成为各国关注的重要而紧迫的问题。中国作为一个发展中的人口大国，12亿人口中绝大部分在农村。因而可以说，解决了农民的养老问题，中国的人口老龄化危机就能够得到缓解。纵观过去对养老保障的理论研究，多集中于城镇养老保险制度改革上，关注农村养老领域的则少而零散。本文在整理前人研究成果的基础上，力图探索一条适合我国农村实际情况，有助于适应经济社会变迁和减轻老龄化危机震荡的农村养老保障发展之路，应该有一定的现实意义和战略意义。本文分为前言和正文两个部分。正文共分以下五章。第一章，传统的农村养老方式与农村社会经济的变迁。这是正文的引论部分，通过对农村社会经济变迁的因素及其表现的分析，引出应寻求一条适合中国农村的养老之路。社会经济系统由社会生产系统、社会管理系统和社会稳定系统所构成。养老保障制度作为社会稳定系统的主要内容是整个社会经济系统的有机组成部分。社会经济发展水平、社会经济结构、生产方式、家庭结构、经济制度以及作为其表现形式的经济体制等,都对养老保障模式的选择与演变有直接或间接的影响。从二十世纪九十年代开始，经济体制改革的深入引发中国社会经济的变迁，与之相对应的社会稳定机制也面临危机，对农村而言，这种变迁体现在：农村城市化进程的加快和农村产业结构的调整，使土地对农民的养老保障功能逐渐弱化；农村人口老龄化程度和速度均高于城市；农村人口迁移流动的规模不断扩大，将加速农村人口老龄化的速度和程度；家庭“核心化”，“小型化”的变迁使农村家庭养老不堪重负；农民的收入有所提高，价值观念开始转变。第二章，多层次农村养老保障制度的目标模式。这是全文的总论，<WP=3>也是核心部分所在。通过提出问题，分析问题，解决问题的三段论，运用理论和实证分析，最后得出应选择以家庭养老为主，社会保险为发展方向，其他多种养老方式为补充的多层次农村养老保障模式。第一部分，提出问题。养老保障制度是指在一个特定的社会关系中老龄人口生活的支持系统。保护老龄人口的权益，满足他们的基本的需求是这个系统的使命和首要原则。其应具有三个方面的功能，即提供经济和物质支持的经济保障，生活照料和精神慰藉的人力保障和养老制度自身顺利运行的社会条件的道德与法制保障。从养老保障形成的方式来看，则可粗略分为两个部分：正规养老制度和非正规养老制度，分别表现为社会养老保险、社区服务计划、家庭养老及商业养老保险等。对这些养老方式进行三功能分析。家庭养老在家庭内部实行类似于现收现付式的养老经济保障，以“大家庭”结构为前提，易受社会经济变化的冲击；家庭在为老年人提供家庭慰藉，情感维系方面的作用是其他养老方式无法替代的；家庭养老依靠传统道德规范的约束。社会养老保险侧重于养老的经济保障功能，且在社会范围内分散养老风险，为老年人提供收入保障，其依靠完善的法制体系来维护。商业养老保险可提供基本收入保障之外的较高程度的保障。社区助老服务及社会养老机构主要在养老的人力保障上发挥作用。不同的养老方式各有侧重，各有长短，如何有效地将之结合，取长补短，为中国农村养老保障所用，是需要解决的问题。第二部分，运用多层次养老保障制度的理论构建中国农村的养老保障制度模式。引入养老保障制度应具备三方面功能的理论，多层次养老保障制度应定义为：多层次养老保障制度是国家根据一定的养老保障目标，综合运用各种养老保障形式而形成的老年保障制度。通过发挥各种养老保障方式在不同保障功能上的长处，使之有机结合，相互补充，来实现国家的总体老年保障目标。各层次的内容可包括家庭养老、社会养老保险、社区养老计划、商业年金保险、企业补充养老<WP=4>保险、个人储蓄计划等。紧接着分析各种养老方式在农村的现状及发展前景以确定各层次的内容构成及主次关系。家庭养老作为一种历史和自然的选择，并且由农村经济条件决定，是农村养老保障模式中不可或缺的重要组成部分。农村养老保险由于有诸多发展限制，目前只能在多层次中起辅助作用，但会随着社会化养老趋势而发展，将来在养老的收入保障上占主导地位，因而可以作为发展方向。农村其他养老方式仍有一定的发展空间，可作为补充层次。第三部分，解决问题，提出农村多层次养老保障制度模式由以下三个层次构成。第一层次：家庭养老。目标是为所有农村老年人提供养老的人力保障，而在贫困地区及低收入地区则要继续发扬家庭的赡养功能，解决贫困农民及“当前老农民”的养老问题。政府在其中的作用是弘扬与维护家庭养老的优良传统，并建立一定的制度制约。第二层次：农村社会养老保险。提供养老经济保障的辅助性作用，其目标是由政府组织各种社会资源，建立强制与自愿相结合的储蓄养老计划，为中等以上收入农民提供基本经济保障。第三层次：社区助老服务、商业性养老保险及其他。这一层次由社区、商业保险公司等力量加入，在富裕农村建立，旨在满足农民高层次保障的需求，是上两个层次的补充。下面三章为本文分论部分，分别阐述笔者对发展各层次养老保障制?更多还原

【Abstract】 China is a developing country with a large population of 12 billion and a vast territory in countryside. Under the background of aging population crisis, research into the reform of old-age support system should be focused on rural area. Looking back through the force studies, the city workers’ old-age support is put into too much consideration. For the Chinese peasants, the related researches are rare and scattered. This dissertation, including the following five chapters, presents a discussion of the theory and practice in establishing a rural old-age support system with Chinese characteristic, on the basis of the achievements of the researchers before.Chapter One, Traditional Old-age Support System versus Vicissitudes of China Rural Society, analyzes the main factors and their presentations of changes on the village, leading into an urgent request of exploring a new road of rural old age support.Social economic system consists of social production, social management and social stabilization. Among those three sub-systems, old-age support is as the main part of the social stabilization system, which can be directly and indirectly influenced by levels of economy, production model, family structure and economic system etc. Entering 1990’s, social stabilization system is facing challenges from the vicissitudes of the society.Chapter Two, Multi-Tiered Rural Old-age Support System, is the general discussion of the whole dissertation. The core is to put forward a multi-tiered model combined by family support, social support and other support.A perfect old-age support system must have three functions as income security, human security which means providing life care and mental <WP=7>comfort, and legal security. There are several old-age support methods such as family support, social support mainly as social pension plans, commercial annuity and district mutual aids. When taking consideration of the three functions, each method has its own strong points. Family support is unique as providing family nursery for the aged. Social pension plans may be the best one to present future income security. Commercial annuity and district mutual aids aim at providing higher security.The best way to combine those support methods and raise the whole security level is to adopt Multi-Tiered Old-age Support System Theory. The determination of Multi-Tiered Old-age Support System Theory is that MTOSS is an old-age support system consisting of several old-age support methods, aiming to provide certain security, which takes advantages of each support method and at last realizes the general target of the social stabilization system. When determining on the major or minor tiers of multi-tiered system, the dissertation analyzes current situation and future trends of those support methods. The conclusion is that family support be the first tier, social support the second, then following the other support.Chapter three, four and five are separate discussions on family support, social support and other support, giving some advises on each tier’s establishment.Chapter Three, Studies on Family Support. Rementioning the importance of family support is the emphasis of this dissertation and where the contributions and innovations lie in. Based on ’Filial Obedience’ culture, family support has a long history in China rural area. Descendant giving presents to their aged parents is not only behavior based on ties of blood, but also reflects the moral standards of the traditional society. Besides the culture base, considering the current economic situation, legal protection and the international trends, family support will take effect for a long period in China countryside.<WP=8>The suggestions on enhancing family support are submitted as below: strengthening the government function; stressing the moral security; completing related regulations and laws, leading into systematization instead of ethictization; establishing inspiring system, encouraging whoever taking care of aged people; developing rural social security, remedying the更多还原