【摘要】 铪（Hf）因其优异的耐高温性能、较大的中子吸收截面、良好的抗腐蚀能力以及优良的导热和导电性能，在核工业、高温合金、电子技术等领域具有重要的应用价值，近年来受到国内外研究学者的广泛关注。然而，由于铪属于密排六方（hcp）晶体结构，可独立启动的滑移系较少，导致其塑性变形能力较差，限制了其在更广泛领域的工程应用。本文综述了近年来金属铪力学性能的研究进展，重点阐述了杂质元素、塑性加工工艺以及热处理制度对铪力学行为的影响规律。首先，分析了非金属杂质及金属杂质对铪塑性变形机制的作用，并总结了目前锆铪分离与提纯的主要工艺方法。在此基础上，结合铪以柱面<a>滑移和孪生为主的变形机制，梳理了其在热锻、热轧、冷轧等塑性加工过程中的变形行为与微观机制，重点讨论了加工过程中织构演化及其对力学性能的影响。考虑到铪对氧、氮等气体元素具有较强的亲和力，其热处理过程需在真空环境下进行以防止污染。本文从热力学与动力学角度探讨了真空热处理工艺对铪显微组织与力学性能的影响规律。最后，对进一步提升金属铪力学性能的可行途径进行了总结与展望，以期为高性能铪材料的开发与应用提供理论参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Hafnium（Hf） possesses a suite of desirable properties, including high-temperature resistance, a large neutron absorption cross-section, excellent corrosion resistance, and good electrical and thermal conductivity. Consequently, it is widely utilized in critical fields such as the nuclear industry, high-temperature alloys, and electronics, attracting extensive research interest globally. However, its application potential is significantly constrained by limited plastic deformability, a consequence of the insufficient independent slip systems inherent to its close-packed hexagonal（hcp） crystal structure. This review summarized research progress over recent decades on the mechanical properties of hafnium, focusing on the influences of impurities, plastic processing, and heat treatment. 1) The effects of both non-metallic and metallic impurities on the plastic deformation behavior of hafnium were discussed. Density functional theory（DFT） calculations indicated that interstitial elements（O, C, N） preferentially occupied octahedral interstitial sites（OC）, followed by tetrahedral interstitial sites（OE）. Increasing the concentration of these interstitials causes the density of states peak in the hafnium conduction band to shift to higher energies, and the pseudo gap widened significantly compared to pure hafnium. This signified an evolution in bonding character towards covalency, leading to increased material brittleness, reduced electrical and thermal conductivity, and ultimately degraded application performance. In practice, the oxygen equivalent was widely used to quantify interstitial content; when it exceeded 280×10^-6 in hafnium, the material exhibited pronounced brittleness. 2) The deformation behaviors and underlying mechanisms of hafnium during plastic processing, such as hot forging, hot rolling, and cold rolling, were reviewed, with emphasis on texture evolution and consequent changes in mechanical properties. Hafnium readily underwent dynamic recrystallization during hot forging and rolling, resulting in lower deformation resistance and thus greater processing efficiency. Techniques such as multi-directional forging and crossrolling could effectively weaken crystallographic textures and refine the grain structure. Hafnium exhibited a plastic deformation mode characterized by slip-twinning interactions, leading to the development of a strong basal bimodal texture during cold rolling. This texture induced orthotropic anisotropy in mechanical properties and was accompanied by the accumulation of high residual stresses. Residual stresses in rolled plates typically manifested as a three-layer distribution pattern（tensile-compressive-tensile）. Furthermore, the lower Schmid factor in the transverse direction（TD） hindered slip system activation, resulting in higher lateral residual stress along TD. 3) The effects of vacuum heat treatment processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hafnium were discussed from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. The substantial residual stresses accumulated during processing necessitate annealing. Given hafnium’s high affinity for oxygen, vacuum annealing was essential. The recommended stress relief annealing temperature range was 450～500 ℃, while recrystallization annealing should be performed between 600 and 700 ℃. Annealing time must be carefully optimized based on the degree of prior deformation and the annealing temperature to prevent secondary recrystallization, which would degrade mechanical properties. Finally, methods for improving the mechanical properties of hafnium were summarized, and future innovative research directions were proposed in the context of current scientific and technological hotspots.更多还原