【摘要】 结直肠癌(Colorectal cancer, CRC)是全球高发病率和高死亡率的恶性肿瘤之一，早期诊断对改善患者预后至关重要。然而，传统诊断方法如结肠镜检查和粪便潜血试验(Fecal occult blood test, FOBT)存在侵入性、灵敏度不足等局限性。水凝胶微珠技术因其优异的生物相容性、高负载能力和可调控的物理化学性质，在CRC早期无创诊断中展现出巨大潜力。本文综述了水凝胶微珠的技术原理、制备方法(如微流体技术、乳化法、电喷雾、光刻法和3D打印)及其在CRC核酸标志物(如基因突变、甲基化DNA)、蛋白质标志物(如CEA、CA19-9)以及循环肿瘤外泌体(Circulating tumor exosomes, CTEs)和循环肿瘤细胞(Circulating tumor cells, CTCs)检测中的应用进展。通过表面功能化策略(共价偶联、亲和素-生物素系统等)和信号放大机制(酶催化、纳米材料增强等),水凝胶微珠技术显著提高了检测灵敏度和特异度，为CRC的早期筛查和精准诊断提供了新思路。尽管该技术在临床转化中仍面临标志物异质性、样本干扰和规模化生产等挑战，但未来结合智能响应特性、机器学习优化和多学科交叉创新，有望推动其从实验室研究向实际应用转化，为CRC的早期诊断和个性化治疗提供更高效、便捷的工具。更多还原

【Abstract】 Colorectal cancer(CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, characterized by high incidence and mortality rates.Early diagnosis is crucial for improving patient prognosis.However, traditional diagnostic methods such as colonoscopy and fecal occult blood tests(FOBT) have limitations, including invasiveness and insufficient sensitivity.Hydrogel microbead technology, owing to its excellent biocompatibility, high loading capacity, and tunable physicochemical properties, has shown great potential in the non-invasive early diagnosis of CRC.This review summarizes the technical principles of hydrogel microbeads, their preparation methods(e.g.,microfluidics, emulsification, electrospraying, photolithography, and 3D printing),and their applications in detecting CRC nucleic acid biomarkers(e.g.,gene mutations, methylated DNA),protein biomarkers(e.g.,CEA,CA19-9),as well as circulating tumor exosomes(CTEs) and circulating tumor cells(CTCs).Through surface functionalization strategies(e.g.,covalent conjugation, avidin-biotin systems) and signal amplification mechanisms(e.g.,enzymatic catalysis, nanomaterial enhancement),hydrogel microbead technology has significantly improved detection sensitivity and specificity, offering new avenues for early CRC screening and precise diagnosis.Although challenges such as biomarker heterogeneity, sample interference, and scalable production remain for clinical translation, future advancements integrating smart responsive properties, machine learning optimization, and multidisciplinary innovation are expected to facilitate the transition from laboratory research to practical applications.This technology holds promise for providing more efficient and convenient tools for the early diagnosis and personalized treatment of CRC.更多还原