【摘要】 犬、猫肿瘤是伴侣动物健康管理的重要挑战，其发病率和致死率持续上升。本文系统综述了兽医临床常用抗肿瘤药物的作用机制和应用现状，包括烷化剂、铂类、抗代谢类、抗生素类、植物类、糖皮质激素、L-天冬酰胺酶，以及肿瘤靶向疗法和免疫疗法。传统化疗药物通过干扰DNA合成、微管功能或蛋白质代谢等抑制肿瘤细胞增殖，在犬、猫淋巴瘤和肥大细胞瘤等治疗中成效显著，但其应用因毒性和耐药性而受到限制。近年来，靶向疗法（如酪氨酸激酶抑制剂）和免疫疗法[如程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)抗体、嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法（CAR-T）、肿瘤疫苗]显著提高了治疗精准性和有效性。新型药物递送系统和联合治疗策略进一步改善了难治性肿瘤的预后。然而，研发成本高、靶点筛选难度大及对动物免疫系统认知不充分，仍是临床肿瘤治疗面临的挑战。未来，随着基因组学研究的深入、药物递送系统的优化和个性化治疗策略的推进，兽医肿瘤学有望实现精准化和系统化突破，为伴侣动物提供更有效的治疗方案。更多还原

【Abstract】 Neoplasms in dogs and cats represent a major challenge in companion animal health management, with both incidence and mortality rates continuing to rise. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms of action and current clinical applications of antineoplastic drugs commonly used in veterinary practice, including alkylating agents, platinum-based compounds, antimetabolites, antibiotics, plant-derived agents, glucocorticoids, L-asparaginase, as well as targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Conventional chemotherapeutic agents inhibit tumor cell proliferation by interfering with DNA synthesis, microtubule function, or protein metabolism, and have demonstrated notable efficacy in the treatment of canine and feline lymphomas and mast cell tumors. However, their clinical use is limited by toxicity and the development of drug resistance. In recent years, targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and immunotherapeutic approaches, including programmed death receptor 1(PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1) antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell(CAR-T) therapy, and cancer vaccines, have markedly improved therapeutic precision and efficacy. In addition, novel drug delivery systems and combination treatment strategies have further improved the prognosis of refractory tumors. Nevertheless, high development costs, difficulties in target identification, and an incomplete understanding of the animal immune system remain significant challenges in clinical oncology. With advances in genomic research, optimization of drug delivery systems, and the implementation of personalized treatment strategies, veterinary oncology is expected to achieve breakthroughs toward more precise and systematic therapeutic approaches, ultimately providing more effective treatment options for companion animals.更多还原