【摘要】 美国与德国分属自由型市场经济和协调型市场经济，其技能形成体系分别倾向于发展通用技能和专用技能，20世纪以来两国先后迈入职业教育高阶化进程。美国兼具升学和职业教育职能的综合高中成为主流，中等教育阶段的实质性职业教育被边缘化，在探索职业教育高阶化发展过程中最终选择走公平与效率兼顾的发展之路。德国“双元制”职业教育虽根基深厚，但在知识社会理念的推动下，德国高等教育系统内部发生分化，并逐步形成以职普融通为核心的“双元制”的新上层建构。总结两类国家的职业教育高阶化发展的经验与教训，构建中国现代职业教育体系，要强调中等职业教育的基础性，系统性构建职业教育、高等教育、继续教育协同创新之路，平衡职业教育经济性与教育性。更多还原

【Abstract】 The United States and Germany represent liberal market economies and coordinated market economies, respectively, with their skill formation systems tending toward the development of general skills and specific skills. Since the 20 th century, both countries have progressively advanced in vocational education. In the United States, comprehensive high schools that integrate both college preparation and vocational education have become the mainstream, while substantive vocational education at the secondary level has been marginalized. In exploring the path toward advanced vocational education, the U.S. ultimately chose a development route that balances equity and efficiency. Although Germany’s "dual system" vocational education has deep roots, driven by the concept of a knowledge society, its higher education system has undergone internal differentiation, gradually forming a "new upper structure of the dual system" centered on the integration between vocational education and general education. By summarizing the experiences and lessons from the advancement of vocational education in these two types of countries, constructing a modern vocational education system in China requires emphasizing the foundational role of secondary vocational education, systematically building a path of synergistic innovation among vocational education, higher education, and continuing education, and balancing the economic and educational functions of vocational education.更多还原