【摘要】 当前中美科技竞争日趋激烈，其成败关乎国家兴衰。大国科技竞争归根到底是国家间创新系统的竞争。美苏竞争提供汲取大国科技竞争经验教训的最典型场景。然而，既有研究多聚焦美国创新系统，对苏联创新系统关注不足，更缺少对美苏创新系统的比较研究，难以全面洞悉大国科技竞争的底层规律和内在机制。为此，本文首先从内部建构与外部博弈的双视角出发，构建包含主体结构、互动模式、制度安排与博弈互动等维度的“双循环”理论分析框架。继而，一方面从内部建构视角切入，系统比较美国“多元分散、市场耦合”与苏联“垂直集中、计划串联”两种创新模式在结构、互动与制度上的根本差异，剖析其各自的优势、局限及适配条件，以此揭示国家创新系统内部各要素协同运作的“内循环”机制；另一方面，从竞争博弈视角切入，考察两国如何基于各自系统内部特质制定、执行对外科技竞争策略，并深入分析美苏博弈互动如何反向塑造甚至锁定两国创新系统的演化路径，从而揭示国家创新系统的“外循环”与“双循环”机制。再次，结合新一轮科技产业革命特征与大国战略竞争态势，系统剖析当前中国国家创新系统面临的主要形势与问题。最后，从增强战略把控、强化主体协同、筑牢创新源头、深化教育改革及统筹反制合作等方面，提出对当前中国完善国家创新系统的启示与建议。相关研究成果可为新时代推动高水平科技自立自强、完善国家创新系统提供理论与实践借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 The intensifying scientific and technological competition between China and the United States hinges on the contest between their national innovation systems.The historical U.S.-Soviet rivalry offers a critical case for examining the underlying dynamics of great-power scientific and technological competition.Existing research, however, has largely focused on the U.S.innovation system, with insufficient attention to its Soviet counterpart and a lack of systematic comparative analysis.To address this gap, this study constructs a “dual-cycle”theoretical framework from the dual perspectives of internal construction and external competition, encompassing dimensions such as actor structure, interaction patterns, institutional arrangements, and competitive dynamics.From the internal perspective, it systematically compares the U.S.model of “decentralized plurality and market coupling”with the Soviet model of “vertical centralization and plan-driven linkage”,analyzing their respective advantages, limitations, and adaptation conditions to reveal the “internal cycle”mechanism.From the competitive perspective, it examines how each system formulated and executed strategies based on its internal characteristics and how their interactions reciprocally shaped the systems’ evolutionary paths, elucidating the “external cycle”and the integrated “dual-cycle”mechanism.Building on this analysis, the study identifies the main challenges facing China’s national innovation system in the context of the new technological revolution and intensified strategic competition.Finally, it proposes insights and recommendations for strengthening China’s system, focusing on enhancing strategic control, fostering synergy among actors, solidifying foundational innovation, deepening educational reform, and balancing countermeasures with international cooperation.The findings aim to provide theoretical and practical references for advancing high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and improving China’s national innovation system in the new era.更多还原