【摘要】 关键金属是支撑能源转型与战略性新兴产业发展的重要物质基础。黏土型矿产作为稀土、锂、镍、钴等关键金属的重要来源，因其分布广、易原位开采等特点备受关注。本文系统综述了离子吸附型稀土、富锂黏土和红土镍矿三类典型黏土型矿产的成矿过程、关键金属的赋存状态及其分离提取技术。文章重点阐述了关键金属在黏土矿物中的赋存特征（如离子交换态、结构态等）对提取工艺的制约，并指出传统工艺面临的选择性差、杂质共溶、环境负荷重等共性挑战。进而从界面络合、限域扩散调控和反应过程耦合三个层面深入探讨了强化分离的微观机理与宏观实践，总结了通过复合浸取剂、外场强化、流程耦合等策略在提升目标金属回收率与选择性方面的最新进展。最后展望了通过多尺度原位表征与数字化孪生技术深度融合，实现从“矿物赋存”到“分离行为”的精准预测与工艺智能优化的未来路径，以期为黏土型关键金属资源的清洁、高效、低碳利用提供理论依据与技术参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Critical metals are fundamental to the global energy transition and strategic emerging industries. Claytype deposits,representing significant sources of rare earth elements（REEs）,lithium,nickel,and cobalt,have garnered widespread attention due to their extensive distribution and potential for in-situ extraction. This review systematically examines three representative clay-type resources:ion-adsorption type REE deposits,lithium-rich clays,and lateritic nickel ores. It aims to synthesize the mineralization processes,occurrence mechanisms of the critical metals,and the corresponding separation and extraction technologies. The primary objective is to elucidate the intrinsic link between metal occurrence states and extraction efficiency,analyze common challenges in conventional processes,explore advanced intensification mechanisms,and ultimately provide a theoretical and technical foundation for the clean,efficient,and low-carbon utilization of these resources. The analysis is conducted by critically reviewing and synthesizing a broad body of scientific literature and technological reports. The methodological approach involves a systematic comparison of different extraction processes（e.g.,（NH₄）₂ SO₄ leaching,electric field-assisted extraction,high-pressure acid leaching,roasting-acid leaching） for the three clay-type deposits. The review delves into the micro-scale mechanisms governing extraction,focusing on interfacial complexation,the modulation of confined diffusion within clay structures,and the coupling of reaction-separation processes. Furthermore,it assesses the role of advanced characterization techniques（e.g.,XAS,NMR,μ-XRF） and emerging digital twin technologies in understanding these mechanisms and optimizing processes. The occurrence state of critical metals（including ion-exchangeable,structurally bound,and adsorbed forms within clay minerals like kaolinite,halloysite,and montmorillonite） fundamentally dictates the selection and design of extraction strategies. For instance,REEs in ionadsorption deposits are primarily recovered via ion exchange,whereas structural lithium and nickel often require aggressive methods like acid decomposition or roasting. Conventional processes,however,face persistent challenges such as poor selectivity,co-dissolution of impurities（e.g.,Al,Fe,Si）,and significant environmental burdens. Recent advances are addressing these limitations. Enhanced separation is achieved by: 1) Employing composite lixiviants（e.g.,organic acidinorganic salt mixtures） and bioleaching to strengthen interfacial complexation and improve selectivity. 2) Utilizing physical conditioning（e.g.,granulation） and external fields（e.g.,electric,ultrasonic,microwave） to overcome kinetic limitations imposed by confined diffusion within clay nano-/micro-pores. 3) Developing coupled process intensification strategies,such as integrating in-situ leaching with electrokinetic collection for REEs,and combining roasting with magnetic separation or pressure leaching for lateritic nickel ores,which significantly improve metal recovery,reduce reagent consumption,and minimize environmental impact. The integration of multi-scale in-situ characterization with process data and machine learning is emerging as a powerful pathway for building predictive models that can intelligently optimize extraction processes from mineral occurrence to separation behavior. The extraction and separation of critical metals from clay-type minerals are inherently controlled by their specific occurrence states. Future technological progress hinges on a deeper,multi-scale understanding of the underlying micro-mechanisms. Key research directions should include: 1) Applying advanced in-situ characterization techniques to unravel metal binding mechanisms and migration pathways at the atomic/molecular level. 2) Developing novel,highly selective,and reusable green lixiviants and functional materials. 3) Gaining a fundamental understanding of the coupling mechanisms of external fields（e.g.,electric,microwave） with chemical reactions to create lowenergy,short-flow processes. 4) Promoting the systematic integration of multi-source data to construct intelligent predictive models and digital twins for process optimization. Concurrently,the industry must prioritize a green and low-carbon transition across the entire value chain,focusing on the harmless treatment and valorization of tailings and wastewater,and establishing circular economy models that integrate "green mining-precise separation-waste utilization". This holistic approach is essential for securing a sustainable supply of critical metals and supporting global carbon neutrality goals.更多还原