【摘要】 锂离子电池的热失控预警是新能源汽车安全管理的核心挑战。传统外置传感器难以捕捉电池内部早期故障特征，而内置传感技术通过将微型化传感器植入电池内部关键区域，实现了对温度、应变、气体等多参数的原位、实时监测，显著提高了预警时效性与准确性。本文综述了内置传感技术的最新进展，包括光纤光栅应变传感器、柔性薄膜温度传感器及其多功能集成系统，重点分析了其在热失控早期信号捕捉中的性能优势。同时，探讨了该技术在实际应用中面临的材料兼容性、结构集成、多信号解耦、信号传输和长期可靠性等关键挑战，并指出融合智能算法与多物理量感知是构建下一代电池主动安全体系的重要方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 Thermal runaway early warning for lithium-ion batteries remains a critical challenge in the safety management of new energy vehicles. Conventional external sensors are limited in their ability to detect internal early fault indicators, whereas built-in sensing technology enables in-situ and real-time monitoring of multiple parameters, such as temperature, strain and gas, by embedding miniaturized sensors into critical internal regions of the battery, thereby significantly improving the timeliness and accuracy of early warnings. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in built-in sensing technologies, including fiber Bragg grating strain sensors, flexible thin-film temperature sensors, and their multi-functional integrated systems, with particular emphasis on their effectiveness in detecting early thermal runaway signals. Additionally, the paper critically analyzes key challenges encountered in practical applications, such as material compatibility, structural integration, multi-signal decoupling, signal transmission reliability, and long-term operational stability. It further emphasizes that the integration of intelligent algorithms with multi-physical sensing represents a promising approach for developing next-generation active battery safety systems.更多还原