【摘要】 二战后,美国构建起政府、高校和企业三方协同的科技创新生态系统,并成功助力美国长期保持全球科技领先地位。过去80多年,大国竞争和社会共识共同塑造了美国战后科技创新生态系统的三个典型发展阶段。与前两个阶段不同,始于特朗普第一任期的新一轮调整表现出深层次与结构性特征。中美战略竞争的紧迫性冲击了美国原有的科技共识。一方面,系统内科研活动的目标和内容被科技安全化逻辑重塑,基础研究让位于任务导向的技术开发;另一方面,生态系统发生结构性重构,高校相对中心地位持续下降、高科技企业成为研发活动的主导力量、联邦政府则强势介入科技研发全过程。在中美战略竞争日趋白热化的背景下,特朗普政府对顶尖高校的系统性打压,恰恰折射出现阶段美国科技创新生态系统中政府、高校和企业关系的深度重构。短期来看,虽然本轮调整可能为美国在特定战略领域赢得阶段性优势,但是长期而言,其不仅会削弱美国自身的科技创新动力,还将破坏全球科研合作的基本共识、阻碍各国共同解决全球性难题。更多还原

【Abstract】 After World War Ⅱ,the U.S.built a science and technology innovation ecosystem featuring tripartite coordination among the government,universities,and enterprises,which has successfully sustained the U.S.global leadership in science and technology for a long time.Over the past eight decades,great power competition and social consensus on science and technology have jointly shaped three distinct phases of the U.S.postwar innovation ecosystem.Unlike the preceding two phases,the new round of adjustments initiated during Trump’s first term exhibits profound structural characteristics.The urgency of China-U.S.strategic competition has disrupted the country’s long-standing consensus on science and technology.On the one hand,the objectives and content of research activities within the system have been reshaped by the securitization logic of science and technology,with basic research giving way to mission-driven technology development.On the other hand,the ecosystem has undergone restructuring:the centrality of universities has continued to decline,high-tech enterprises have become the dominant force in R&.D,and the federal government has intervened aggressively in the entire process of scientific research and development.Amid increasingly intense China-U.S.strategic competition,the Trump administration’s systematic targeting of top universities precisely reflects the profound restructuring of the relations among the government,universities,and enterprises in the current U.S.innovation ecosystem.While this round of adjustments may yield shortterm advantages for the U.S.in specific strategic fields,in the long run,it will not only undermine its own innovation momentum,but also erode the basic consensus on global scientific research cooperation and hinder collective efforts to address global challenges.更多还原