【摘要】 文章构建了地表水环境氨氮监测的动态质量控制体系，实现水质变化的精准捕捉与异常数据的快速溯源，基于统计过程控制理论，将常规控制图技术系统应用于地表水中氨氮的监测实践。以纳氏试剂分光光度法检测数据为核心，首先通过标准物质与空白样品的平均值-极差控制图验证实验室检测系统的稳定性，其次针对固定断面同一采样点的月度监测数据构建平均值-极差控制图，同步分析检测过程稳定性与氨氮浓度波动特征，最终结合固定断面多采样点的年度监测数据，建立单值-移动极差控制图，实现区域水环境氨氮变化的长效监控。控制图可有效区分检测过程中的偶然误差与系统误差：在实验室质量控制层面，能从人员操作、仪器状态、试剂性能等维度快速定位异常数据成因；在水环境监测层面，可精准识别氨氮浓度的自然波动与污染扰动，为水质变化预警提供量化依据。研究证实，统计过程控制图为地表水环境氨氮监测提供了兼具时效性与可靠性的质量控制技术手段，其应用可显著提升监测数据的精准度及环境决策的支撑能力，为地表水环境长效管理提供坚实技术保障。更多还原

【Abstract】 To establish a dynamic quality control system for ammonia nitrogen monitoring in surface water environment, and realize the accurate capture of water quality changes and rapid traceability of abnormal data, this study applied the conventional control chart technology to the monitoring practice of ammonia nitrogen in surface water based on the statistical process control theory. Methods based on the detection data of Nessler’s reagent spectrophotometry, first, the stability of the laboratory detection system was verified through the average-rangecontrol chart of reference materials and blank samples; second, the control chart was constructed for the monthly monitoring data of the same sampling point in a fixed section to analyze the stability of the detection process and the fluctuation characteristics of ammonia nitrogen concentration; finally, combined with the annual monitoring data of multiple sampling points in the fixed section, a single value-moving range control chart was established to realize the long-term monitoring of ammonia nitrogen changes in the regional water environment. The control chart could effectively distinguish between random errors and systematic errors in the detection process. At the level of laboratory quality control, it could quickly locate the causes of abnormal data from the dimensions of personnel, instruments, reagents, etc.; at the level of water environment monitoring, it could accurately identify the natural fluctuations and pollution disturbances of ammonia nitrogen concentration, providing a scientific basis for water quality change early warning. The conclusion confirms that the statistical process control chart provides a quality control method with both timeliness and reliability for the ammonia nitrogen monitoring of surface water environment, and its application can significantly improve the accuracy of monitoring data and the supporting capacity of environmental decision-making, providing technical support for the long-term management of surface water environment.更多还原