【摘要】 自由国际秩序的危机并非仅由权力变迁所致，其内在缺陷以及自由主义霸权的过度扩张，均是引发危机的重要因素。仅从国家之外的角度解释国际秩序稳定与否仍有所不足。国家内部的社会特征与权力结构的改变，也发挥着同等重要的作用。从国家治理角度看，特朗普政府对自由国际秩序的离经叛道，源于美国国家治理失灵。在“新自由主义”全球化的过程中，长期的经济不平等重构了美国的社会特征，动摇了国家权力的合法性基础。政治不平等、精英阶层的傲慢与失职导致与日俱增的阶层冲突，形成了威胁美国民主稳定与社会共识的参与性危机。民粹主义在“情感极化”的推波助澜中重新定义“人民”的概念，进而引发了自下而上削弱西方自由国际秩序共识的社会运动。这股长期遭受压制的保守主义力量将特朗普推上美国的权力巅峰，特朗普则以“美国优先”的大众化“常理”，将民族国家利益与国家身份置于美国外交的首位，试图重塑美国及其领导的自由国际秩序的价值体系。因此，特朗普2·0政府对自由国际秩序的修正，并非21世纪美国历史进程中的昙花一现，而是一场将经历数代人围绕“谁是美国人”的长期较量。更多还原

【Abstract】 The crisis of the liberal international order not only stems from shifts in the global balance of power but also reflects inherent flaws within the order and the overreach of liberal hegemony. Explanations that are confined to the international level are insufficient; changes in domestic social structures and power configurations are equally decisive. From the perspective of state governance, the Trump administration’s defection from the liberal international order was rooted in deeper dysfunctions of domestic governance in the United States. First, over the course of globalization characterized by neoliberalism, persistent economic inequality has reshaped the social structure in the United States, eroding the legitimacy of state authority. Second, political inequality—exacerbated by elite arrogance and a failure to assume responsibility—has intensified class conflict, resulting in a participatory crisis that threatens both democratic stability and social cohesion. Third, affective polarization has spurred a populist wave that redefined the concept of “We the People” and initiated bottom-up social movements, undermining the West’s consensus in support of the liberal international order. Finally, this long-suppressed conservative force propelled Donald Trump to the apex of American political power twice. Through the popular rhetoric of “America First,” Trump prioritized national interest and identity in U.S. foreign policy, seeking to reshape the value system of both the United States and the liberal international order it leads. Thus, the radical reconfiguration of the liberal international order under Trump should not be viewed as a transient episode in twenty-first-century U.S. history, but rather as a prolonged, multi-generational partisan struggle between the two major political camps over the contested boundaries of American identity.更多还原