【摘要】 全球光伏产业迅猛发展,2024年全球累计装机超2.2 TW,中国贡献近五成。伴随而来的是组件退役潮,预计2050年全球累计退役量达7 800万t,中国2040年或超2 300万t。退役组件含铅、镉等有害物质,易致污染,硅、银等金属浪费加剧资源紧张,其管理成为“双碳”目标关键环节。然而,光伏组件的退役管理面临多维挑战:技术上EVA分离、重金属处理有局限,新兴技术未规模化;经济上,回收成本高,盈利模式受原料波动与小作坊竞争影响;物流上,中国集中式组件多在西北、分布式组件多在东部,运输成本高。中国针对退役光伏组件的管理出台了一些纲领性的政策,但仍存在分类标准缺失、责任主体不清问题,与欧盟WEEE指令、生产者责任延伸(EPR)制度及日美市场化回收模式有差距。本研究提出中国优化路径:明确建立EPR制度,设定分阶段回收率目标,推动产学研协同,构建全国回收网络与数据平台。研究表明,组件退役问题具有全球性与紧迫性,技术有突破但产业化成本是关键,需政企民协同推进可持续管理。更多还原

【Abstract】 The global photovoltaic( PV) industry has developed rapidly, with the global cumulative installed capacity exceeding 2. 2 terawatts by 2024, and China contributing nearly 50%. This is accompanied by a wave of end-of-life(EoL) PV modules. It is estimated that the global cumulative Eo L volume will reach 78 million tons by 2050, and that of China may exceed 23 million tons by 2040. Eo L modules contain harmful substances such as lead and cadmium, which are prone to cause pollution, while the waste of metals like silicon and silver exacerbates resource shortages. Thus, their management has become a key link in achieving the " dual carbon" goals. However,Eo L modules face multi-dimensional challenges: technically, there are limitations in EVA separation and heavy metal treatment, and emerging technologies have not been scaled up; economically, recycling costs are high, and the profit model is affected by raw material fluctuations and competition from small workshops; logistically, centralized modules in China are mostly in the northwest and distributed ones in the east, leading to high transportation costs. China has issued some guiding policies for the management of photovoltaic decommissioning, but there are still problems such as lack of classification standards and unclear responsible subjects, which lag behind the EU′s WEEE Directive, extended producer responsibility(EPR) system, and the market-oriented recycling models of Japan and the US. This study proposes an optimization path for China: clearly establish an EPR system, set phased recycling rate targets, promote industry-university-research collaboration, and build a national recycling network and data platform. The study shows that the Eo L PV module issue is global and urgent; although technologies have made breakthroughs, industrialization costs remain a key constraint,requiring collaboration among the government, enterprises, and the public to promote sustainable management.更多还原