【摘要】 为了理解基础研究的学科影响力、学科发展类型与学科分布结构差异，基于ESI高被引论文，综合考虑科学合作中的位态，设计学科影响力指数(total position fractional impact,TPFI)与学科相对优势指数(relative advantage index,RAI)，通过构建国家学科发展战略坐标模型挖掘国家的引领型学科、潜力型学科、跟随型学科与弱势型学科，同时基于学科影响力差异性指数(disciplinary impact differences index,DIDI)明晰各国的学科影响力分布差异。研究结果显示，美国和中国作为全球高水平科学研究中两个主要强国在科研产出和学科影响力方面表现出众，但中国与美国仍有较大的差距。中国22个ESI学科中8个学科为引领型学科，13个学科为潜力型学科，1个学科为弱势型学科，不存在跟随型学科，8个引领型学科主要属于农业、环境生态、物理化学、计算机等领域。中国的学科影响力差异性指数明显高于美国，各学科之间的影响力分布差异较大，但在2012年至2022年期间均呈递减态势，中国22个ESI学科之间学科影响力分布差异逐渐减小，中国在各学科领域的发展逐渐走向均衡化。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the intensifying global competition in scientific research, basic research, as the core driving force of technological innovation, plays a crucial role in enhancing national scientific and technological strength. The disciplinary influence of basic research and its distribution characteristics not only reflect the strategic layout of countries in the field of scientific research but also reveal their competitive stance on the international academic stage. To gain a deeper understanding of the differences in the disciplinary influence, development types, and distribution structure of basic research across countries worldwide, this study uses 188386 ESI highly cited papers from the WoS database as the research object. It comprehensively considers the position in scientific cooperation and designs the total position fractional impact(TPFI)index to more accurately measure national influence across 22 ESI disciplines. Additionally, the relative advantage index(RAI) is designed to construct a national disciplinary development strategy coordinate model, which helps determine the development types of the 22 ESI disciplines in each country. This allows for the identification of leading disciplines, potential disciplines, following disciplines, and disadvantaged disciplines in various countries. Furthermore, this study introduces the disciplinary impact differences index(DIDI) to explore the structural differences in disciplinary influence distribution among countries. By quantifying and comparing the degree of inequality in disciplinary influence across 22 ESI disciplines, it reveals the characteristics of national discipline development. The results show that:(1) China has significantly improved its academic output and disciplinary influence in ESI high-level scientific research. Its influence and research quality are gradually strengthening, but there is still a considerable gap compared to the United States. China’s rise in basic disciplines has achieved remarkable results, particularly in some disciplines where it has a global leading edge. Despite significant progress in research output and academic influence, a certain gap with the U.S. remains, reflecting areas where China can improve, such as research resource allocation, investment in basic research, and optimization of the research environment.(2) Among the 22 ESI disciplines, China has 8 leading disciplines, 13 potential disciplines, and only one disadvantaged discipline(space science), with no following disciplines. China’s leading disciplines are primarily in fields such as agriculture, environmental ecology, and chemistry, which are highly aligned with its sustainable development and environmental protection strategies. However, although China has gained significant advantages in some disciplines, further attention and investment are needed in potential disciplines(such as medicine, biology, social sciences, and space science)and disadvantaged disciplines. Through policy support and resource allocation, the goal is to highlight disciplinary characteristics, achieving a balance and diversity in discipline development. The influence of China’s 8 leading disciplines has steadily increased, and the evolution of their relative advantage index shows two distinct trends. On one hand, the relative advantages of mathematics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering have gradually weakened, and China needs to reassess the resource allocation in these fields and optimize research efficiency to consolidate its advantages. On the other hand, the relative advantages of environmental science and ecology, agricultural science, computer science, and earth science have gradually strengthened, reflecting China’s high emphasis and continuous investment in sustainable development, environmental protection, agricultural technology, and information technology.(3) China is the most imbalanced among the top 10 countries in terms of disciplinary influence distribution. There are large disparities in influence among China’s 22 ESI disciplines, though the differences have been decreasing from 2012 to 2022. This indicates that China has made positive progress in promoting balanced discipline development, with an increasingly balanced and diversified trend.This trend is of significant importance for improving the overall scientific research level and international competitiveness of the country. In the future, while continuing to promote balanced discipline development, attention should also be paid to the changes in disciplinary advantages, and corresponding policies should be formulated to strengthen the integration of basic and applied research, in order to continuously enhance the country’s overall research level and international competitiveness.更多还原