【摘要】 高考是衔接基础教育与高等教育的枢纽，其历史演进是解码我国教育治理深层逻辑的重要切入点。本研究基于历史制度主义“结构—历史—行动者”分析框架，梳理了我国高考制度的历史演进脉络，厘清其变迁的内在逻辑和动力机制。高考制度变迁受到多重逻辑的交织作用：由政治、经济、文化构成的宏观制度体系通过结构性约束划定高考改革边界；规模效应、学习效应、协作效应以及适应性预期共同作用，塑造了高考制度的运行惯性；多元主体的利益博弈驱动高考制度的渐进调适与改革。深化高考制度改革，需使其主动融入宏观制度环境以协同适配国家战略与经济社会发展，稳妥推进局部创新调适以破解路径依赖与制度惯性，重构多元主体权责关系以推动完善政府主导与多方共治格局，更好回应新时代教育强国建设战略要求。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Gaokao serves as a crucial link between basic and higher education, and its historical evolution provides a key entry point for understanding the underlying logic of educational governance in China. Drawing on the "structure-history-actor" analytical framework of historical institutionalism, this study reviews the historical trajectory of China’s Gaokao system, clarifying the intrinsic logic and driving mechanisms of its institutional change. The evolution of the Gaokao system is shaped by the interplay of multiple logics: the macro-institutional system, composed of political, economic, and cultural dimensions, delineates the boundaries of reform through structural constraints; scale effects, learning effects, coordination effects, and adaptive expectations collectively contribute to the operational inertia within the system; and interest-driven negotiation among multiple actors drives gradual adjustment and partial innovation. To deepen the reform of the Gaokao system, it is necessary to proactively integrate it into the macro-institutional environment to align with national strategies and socioeconomic-cultural development, steadily promote partial innovations and adjustments to overcome path dependence and institutional inertia, and restructure the relationships of power and responsibility among multiple actors to improve government-led, multi-stakeholder governance, thereby better responding to the strategic requirements of building a leading country in education in the new era.更多还原