【摘要】 污水处理过程排放的微生物气溶胶是病原体通过空气传播的重要载体，对厂区职工及周边居民构成潜在健康风险。系统综述了污水厂微生物气溶胶中病原微生物的群落组成、空间分布特征及健康风险评估方法。结果表明，气溶胶中含有上百种潜在致病细菌、真菌及病毒，且在污泥脱水、曝气等单元的浓度与可吸入细颗粒物占比最高，使其易于深入人体下呼吸道。然而，当前普遍采用的基于细菌总浓度的非致癌风险商评估方法，因无法识别关键病原体并忽略粒径分布，存在显著的风险低估。为此，研究提出一个整合了出现频度、健康损害严重性、空气传播潜力、感染剂量及粒径风险的多维度筛选框架，并据此明确了不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、诺如病毒(Norovirus)、轮状病毒(Rotavirus)和人腺病毒(Human Adenovirus)为需优先防控的关键病原体。基于此，未来应构建“两步式”综合评估体系：首先进行风险筛查，进而针对关键病原体开展融合了粒径校正的定量微生物风险评估。本文为建立精准、高效的污水厂微生物气溶胶风险管控策略提供了系统的科学依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Aerosols emitted from wastewater treatment processes serve as critical vectors for the airborne transmission of pathogens, posing potential health risks to on-site workers and nearby residents. This review systematically summarizes the community composition, spatial distribution, and health risk assessment methodologies concerning pathogenic microorganisms within bioaerosols from wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs). The findings reveal that these aerosols harbor hundreds of potentially pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Notably, concentrations are highest in areas such as sludge dewatering rooms and aeration tanks, where the proportion of inhalable fine particles(<5 μm) is also elevated, facilitating the deep deposition of pathogens in the lower human respiratory tract. However, the widely used non-carcinogenic hazard quotient assessment, based solely on total bacterial concentration, significantly underestimates risks due to its failure to identify key pathogens and account for particle size distribution. To address this gap, this study proposes a multi-dimensional screening framework incorporating frequency of occurrence, severity of health impact, airborne transmission potential, infectious dose, and particle-size-related risk. Applying this framework identifies Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Mycobacterium spp., Aspergillus spp., Norovirus, Rotavirus, and Human Adenovirus as key pathogens requiring prioritized control. Consequently, a “two-step” integrated assessment system is recommended: initial risk screening followed by quantitative microbial risk assessment for the key pathogens, integrated with particle size correction for exposure dose estimation. This work provides a systematic scientific basis for developing targeted and effective risk management strategies against microbial aerosols in WWTPs.更多还原