【摘要】 【目的】人类活动引发白鹤（Grus leucogeranus）栖息地的丧失与退化，已成为威胁其生存的主要原因，而在白鹤的迁徙停歇地常存在人类活动—放牧活动。本研究旨在明确放牧活动下白鹤的行为表达情况，揭示其行为适应的阈值和策略，为放牧活动影响下的白鹤保护提供科学依据。【方法】于2023年10月和2024年4月，在白鹤迁徙停歇地—内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区，采用瞬时扫描取样法开展白鹤行为观察工作，系统性分析放牧活动存在下白鹤行为模式的表现形式，以及成鹤与幼鹤面对放牧活动的行为差异及日节律响应的差异。【结果】（1）随着牧群大小的增加，白鹤的回避行为逐渐成为主导，15头牧群大小是白鹤行为策略转变的临界点。（2）成鹤以回避行为为主，表现出更强的风险感知与规避能力；而幼鹤觅食效率低且风险感知弱，需更多时间探索空间。（3）成鹤主动优化能量利用，高效应对风险；幼鹤行为被动，依赖模仿学习，效率较低；二者差异体现不同生存阶段的差异化适应策略。（4）白鹤通过能量优化（增加静息节能）与时间错峰（错开核心活动与放牧高峰）策略，实现对放牧干扰的适应性改变。【结论】白鹤行为对放牧活动的响应呈非线性阶梯式变化，其行为策略表现出显著的梯度适应性。更多还原

【Abstract】 [Objective]Habitat loss and degradation caused by human activities have become the main threats to the survival of the Siberian crane(Grus leucogeranus),with grazing activities frequently occurring in its migration stopover sites.This study aims to clarify the behavioral expression of Siberian cranes under grazing activities,reveal the threshold and strategies of their behavioral adaptation,and provide a scientific basis for the conservation of Siberian cranes affected by grazing activities.[Method]In October 2023 and April 2024,behavioral observations of Siberian cranes were conducted in the Tumuji Nature Reserve—a key migration stopover site—using the Instantaneous and Scanning Sampling method.A systematic analysis was performed on the behavioral patterns of Siberian cranes in the presence of grazing activities,as well as the behavioral differences and diurnal rhythm responses between adult and juvenile cranes when facing grazing disturbances.[Result](1)With the increase in herd size,avoidance behavior gradually became dominant in Siberian cranes,and a herd size of 15 individuals was identified as the critical threshold for behavioral strategy shifts.(2)Adult cranes primarily exhibited avoidance behavior,demonstrating stronger risk perception and evasion capabilities,while juvenile cranes had lower foraging efficiency and weaker risk perception,requiring more time for spatial exploration.(3)Adult cranes actively optimized energy utilization to efficiently respond to risks,whereas juvenile cranes displayed passive behaviors and relied on imitation learning with lower efficiency. These differences reflect the differentiated adaptation strategies of different life stages.(4)Siberian cranes adapted to grazing disturbances through two main strategies:energy optimization(increasing resting behavior to save energy)and temporal niche partitioning(staggering core activities from peak grazing periods).[Conclusion]The response of Siberian crane behavior to grazing activities shows a nonlinear stepwise change,its behavioral strategies demonstrate remarkable gradient adaptability.更多还原