【摘要】 医疗数据兼具共创性、敏感性与公共性，这三重特性共同构成其权利配置的规范基础。医疗数据的生成依赖患者与医疗机构在诊疗过程中的要素投入与数字劳动，呈现出显著的共创性特征。基于贡献导向的分配原则，医疗数据权利应在患者与医疗机构之间进行分置配置。患者作为数据来源者，对相关医疗数据享有以持有、使用、收益与处分为核心的一阶权利，以及查阅、复制与转移等二阶权利。鉴于医疗数据的高度敏感性与显著公共性，患者权利的行使须受到相应限制，其收益权宜主要通过“数据换服务”等非货币化方式实现，更正权、删除权等权利的行使不得对医疗体系运行与公共卫生功能造成不成比例的影响。医疗机构作为数据处理者，对相关医疗数据享有持有权、使用权和经营权。在医疗数据敏感性与公共性的双重约束下，该经营权应在客体范围、行权目的与行使条件上予以限定，旨在保障患者人格尊严等个人权益的同时，实现医疗数据的公共健康价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Medical data have three core attributes: co-constructedness, sensitivity, and publicness, which jointly shape the basic structure and operating logic of rights allocation. The generation of medical data depends on resource inputs and digital labor contributed by both patients and healthcare institutions, thereby giving the data a co-constructed nature. Under a contribution-based distributive principle, rights in medical data should be allocated in a differentiated manner between patients and healthcare institutions. As the data source, patients are vested with first-order rights centered on possession, use, benefit, and disposition, and with second-order rights consisting of access, copying, and portability. Given the sensitivity and publicness of medical data, the exercise of patients’ rights must be subject to appropriate constraints. Patient benefit should be realized primarily through non-monetized arrangements such as “data-for-services”, and the exercise of rights such as rectification and erasure should not undermine the functioning of the healthcare system or the attainment of public health objectives. As data processors, healthcare institutions are vested with rights of possession and use, as well as an operational use right to utilize medical data in the course of service provision and related data activities. Under the constraints of sensitivity and publicness, this operational use right should be limited in terms of the scope of the data covered, the purposes and the conditions of exercise, so as to safeguard patients’ dignity and other personal interests while enabling the realization of the public-health value of medical data.更多还原