【摘要】 航天光学成像技术是对地观测与深空探测的关键手段，其中，短波红外波段凭借其独特的光谱特性，在资源勘探、环境监测和深空探测等领域发挥着日益重要的作用。成像系统的灵敏度作为核心性能指标，直接决定了获取数据的质量，是航天载荷设计和研制过程中需要重点关注的要素。本文梳理了航天短波红外成像技术的发展历程，总结了短波红外成像技术在大幅宽多光谱、典型地物观测高光谱、温室气体监测高光谱和深空探测领域中的应用情况，阐述了短波红外波段的应用优势，并针对国内外多个具有代表性的仪器，分析了其在不同应用场景下为提升探测灵敏度采用的设计思路、关键技术与取得的成果。更多还原

【Abstract】 Significance Spaceborne optical imaging technology serves as a key means for Earth observation and deep space exploration. Among these, the short-wave infrared(SWIR) band, leveraging its unique spectral characteristics, plays an increasingly important role in fields such as resource exploration, environmental monitoring, and moon exploration. To acquire high-quality remote sensing data, the design and development process of spaceborne imaging payloads requires a comprehensive trade-off among various key performance indicators. Achieving higher detection sensitivity in different application scenarios represents one of the core objectives in instrument design and development. With the ongoing advancements in advanced focal plane detector technology, high-precision information acquisition technology, precision opto-mechanical design, and manufacturing technology, as well as efficient cooling technology, the detection sensitivity in the SWIR band is steadily improving, thereby offering greater possibilities for the spaceborne applications of SWIR imaging instruments. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the typical application scenarios of SWIR, along with the technologies and design approaches employed by representative instruments, to provide references for the design of various future instruments.Progress To fully leverage the spectral characteristics of SWIR, in spaceborne applications, SWIR imaging technology is typically integrated into multispectral or hyperspectral imaging payloads. The primary application directions include wide-swath multispectral applications, typical hyperspectral applications for Earth observation, hyperspectral applications for greenhouse gas monitoring, and deep space exploration applications. Wide-swath spaceborne SWIR imagers can observe tens of thousands of square kilometers of Earth surface area during a single orbital pass, offering high temporal and spatial observation efficiency. Meanwhile, the design incorporating multiple discrete spectral bands enables targeted capture of the spectral characteristics for surface features while balancing data volume and processing complexity. The US Landsat series and the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 series exhibit strong data continuity and openness, representing the international advanced level in this direction. Hyperspectral remote sensing technology can simultaneously acquire narrow and continuous spectral information of ground objects along with two-dimensional spatial information, achieving “spectrum-image integration”. Current mainstream spaceborne hyperspectral payloads concentrate their spectral range in the visible to SWIR bands. To accommodate diverse remote sensing application requirements, these payloads adopt a balanced design between spatial resolution and spectral resolution, with spatial resolution generally ranging from 30 m to 100 m and spectral resolution generally between 5 nm to 20 nm. The US Hyperion and GaoFen-5 advanced hyperspectral imager(AHSI) are the most representative instruments of this category. SWIR hyperspectral instruments for greenhouse gas monitoring feature extremely high spectral resolution, reaching 0.1 nm or below, but with lower spatial resolution, typically on the order of square kilometers, their design places significant emphasis on suppressing stray light in the optical system. For imaging payloads in lunar exploration missions, the greatest challenge is how to maximize detection sensitivity under stringent constraints on mass, volume, and power consumption. The moon mineralogy mapper(M3) and the Chang’E series visible and near-infrared imaging spectrometer(VNIS) represent the advanced levels in lunar remote sensing detection and in-situ detection, respectively.Conclusions and Prospects In the history of human spaceborne endeavors, SWIR imaging technology has played a pivotal role in multiple fields. In the future, with the continuous development and spaceborne application of large-format, high quantum efficiency, and low-noise SWIR focal plane detectors, the detection accuracy and efficiency of SWIR imaging systems will be further enhanced. Simultaneously, advancements in precision opto-mechanical machining technology and space-efficient cooling technology will drive the further miniaturization and versatility of spaceborne SWIR imaging payloads. The overall detection sensitivity in SWIR band is expected to gradually approach that of the visible light band, thereby making greater contributions to human spaceborne undertakings.更多还原