【摘要】 随着我国新型城镇化的深入推进与垃圾焚烧技术的广泛普及，城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的年产量已突破1 000万t。作为典型城市源危险废物，飞灰中富集重金属及二噁英类高毒性污染物，其科学处置已成为保障生态环境安全、推进“无废城市”建设的重要任务。当前，国内飞灰处理处置已从传统单一的无害化填埋，逐步转型为基于梯级资源化利用的多元化发展模式。在此背景下，通过统计分析全国飞灰的组成特性，明确了主量元素的质量分数范围，如Ca(17.2%～54.3%)、Cl(10.19%～33.27%)、Na(0.26%～12.73%)、K(1.48%～8.57%)等，同时厘清了具有资源化潜力的有色重金属元素（Zn、Pb、Cu等）含量范围及其对应的矿物品位。进一步，通过对国内已产业化应用的低温热处理+水洗、水洗+回炉、高温熔融、水泥窑协同处置等代表性技术项目的调研分析，明确了“二噁英热分解—可溶性盐水洗脱除—含钙组分建材化”是当前国内飞灰资源化的主流路径，并从处理效率、能耗成本、产物附加值及产业化适配性等维度，深度剖析不同技术路径的差异。针对现有产业痛点，提出以可溶性盐回收成本控制、高温熔融产品提质和有价组分全量资源化为重点的发展方向，旨在为飞灰资源化领域的技术创新、工艺优化及产业规模化推广提供更具针对性的实践参考与理论支撑。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the deepening advancement of China’s new urbanization and the widespread adoption of waste incineration technology,the annual production of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) fly ash has exceeded 10 million tons. As a typical urban hazardous waste,fly ash accumulates highly toxic pollutants such as heavy metals and dioxins. Its scientific disposal has become a critical task for safeguarding ecological and environmental security and advancing the development of "Zero Waste City". Currently,fly ash treatment and disposal has gradually shifted from traditional non-hazardous landfilling to a diversified development model based on resource utilization.Against this backdrop,this paper statistically analyzed the compositional characteristics of national fly ash,defining the content ranges of major elements such as Ca(17.2%–54.3%),Cl(10.19%–33.27%),Na(0.26%–12.73%),K(1.48%–8.57%),while clarifying the concentration ranges and corresponding ore grades of valuable heavy metals(Zn,Pb,Cu,etc.) with resource potential. Furthermore,through analysis of representative industrialized technologies—low-temperature thermal treatment + washing,high-temperature melting,and cement kiln co-processing,it was confirmed that the “dioxin pyrolysis-soluble salt leaching-calcium-containing component building materialization” pathway represents the mainstream approach for fly ash resource utilization in China today. The study also conducted an in-depth analysis of the differences between various technical pathways from dimensions such as treatment efficiency, energy consumption costs,product added value,and industrial adaptability. Addressing existing industry challenges,this paper proposed key development directions:controlling soluble salt recovery costs,enhancing high-temperature melting product quality,and achieving full resource utilization of valuable components. These recommendations aim to provide targeted practical guidance and theoretical support for technological innovation,process optimization,and large-scale industrial deployment in fly ash resource utilization.更多还原