【摘要】 随着核能利用、核事故潜在风险及放射性废物排放的增加,海洋辐射环境监测与异常判定成为核安全保障和生态环境保护的重要任务。本文系统梳理了海洋辐射环境异常判定准则、判定技术方法及实践案例,重点探讨了国际与国内海洋辐射环境相关标准下的阈值设定、数据分析技术和评估流程,在判定依据的标准尚不健全的情况下,本底范围法、时空趋势分析法和核素指纹(比值法)成为当前异常判定的主要技术准则,并以福岛海域和大亚湾海域监测评估实践进行应用说明,指出在核事故和核设施正常运行情况下的异常特征、判定技术和管理响应的差异,并提出推进海洋辐射环境监测与异常判定工作建议,旨在为国家标准和行业指南的制修订提供理论基础,为维护海洋核安全和海洋辐射环境风险管理提供科学依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the increasing utilization of nuclear energy,potential risks of nuclear accidents,and discharges of radioactive waste,marine radiological monitoring and anomaly identification have become crucial tasks for nuclear safety assurance and ecological environmental protection.This paper systematically reviews the criteria,technical methodologies,and practical cases for identifying anomalies in the marine radiological environment.It focuses on threshold setting,data analysis techniques,and assessment procedures under relevant international and domestic standards.In the context of insufficiently established standards and criteria for anomaly identification,the Background Range Method,Spatio-Temporal Trend Analysis,and Isotopic Fingerprint/Ratio Method have emerged as the primary technical guidelines for current anomaly detection.Applications are illustrated through monitoring and evaluation practices in the waters near Fukushima and Day a Bay,highlighting the differences in anomaly characteristics,identification techniques,and management responses under both nuclear accident conditions and normal operation of nuclear facilities.Furthermore,the paper proposes recommendations for advancing marine radiological monitoring and anomaly identification,aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the formulation and revision of national standards and industrial guidelines,to provide a scientific basis for safeguarding marine nuclear safety and managing radiological risks in the marine environment.更多还原