【摘要】 医疗废物包含上百种组分,且种类和占比受医疗机构的等级、性质、地理位置、地区经济水平和季节的影响,产废具有复杂性与波动性特征。医疗废物的热处理技术包括焚烧与热解,其工艺参数与医疗废物特性密切相关。近年疫情的爆发,更改变其原有组分分布、提高医废组分复杂性,给医疗废物热处理带来更大挑战。了解我国医疗废物研究现状、探明医疗废物特性成为需要迫切解决的问题。本研究采用文献计量学方法,分析了中国知网1995—2025年7 328篇医疗废物相关和87篇医疗废物特性相关的文献。研究发现:1)5次年发文量的大幅度增长分别伴随着SARS、H5N1、HFMD、H1N1、COVID-19重大疫情的爆发;2)2020年起医疗废物信息化研究逐渐增加,部分省市和医院上线医疗废物信息化管理项目,医疗机构或处置厂记录收集5类废物产生量(感染性、损伤性、病理性、药物性、化学性)信息,偏远地区和基层医疗机构的医疗废物处置、管理仍是薄弱环节,信息化技术与后端处置技术的结合仍处于起步阶段;3)医疗废物热特性围绕焚烧热解特性依托组分分布计算,但缺乏与5类产废原生组分信息的响应关系,多局限于输液管、纱布等典型组分。鉴于此,针对医疗废物组分复杂、目前信息化程度偏低、5类医疗废物组分到热解焚烧特性的响应规律不清的问题,提出一种聚类模型,针对动态产生的5类医疗废物混合物,可将其组分聚类成PVC类、PP类、PE类、PS类、天然橡胶类、纤维素类、纤维素+半纤维素类、纤维素+半纤维素+木质素类、病理类、药物类、金属类、玻璃类12种可供处置时特性预测计算的成分,作为混合组分特性预测计算基础,为处置技术提供动态信息。更多还原

【Abstract】 Medical waste comprises dozens to hundreds of different components. The components and corresponding proportions are influenced by some factors such as hospital scale,departments geographic location,as well as regional economic level and seasons,resulting in complexity and variability.The process parameters of thermal treatment technologies for medical waste,including incineration and pyrolysis,are closely related to the waste’s physicochemical properties and thermal characteristic.The recent COVID-19 outbreak has altered the component profile and increased the complexity of medical waste, thereby compounding the challenges for its thermal treatment.Understanding the research status of medical waste in China and elucidating its characteristics have become critically important issues that require urgent resolution.This study employs a bibliometric analysis to examine 7 328 research papers related to medical waste and 87 papers related to the characteristics of medical waste,published on China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) from 1995 to 2025. The findings revealed that:1) Five distinct peaks in the annual publication output coincided with the outbreaks of major epidemics,namely SARS,H5N1,HFMD,H1N1,and COVID-19;2)Since 2020,the research on the digitalization of medical waste has demonstrated steady growth.Several provinces,cities and hospitals have initiated informatization management system projects.Medical institutions and disposal plants recorded the waste generation volume of five waste categories:Infectious,injurious,pathological,pharmaceutical,and chemical waste. Nevertheless,community-level and remote medical institutions,remain a significant weakness in waste management. Additionally, the integration of informatization technology with disposal technologies remains at a developing stage;3) Current research on the properties of medical waste,particularly regarding combustion and pyrolysis,relies on specific components,such as infusion tubes and gauze,but lack of a clear correlation with the primary compositional data from the five waste categories.To address the challenges of complex medical waste composition,low informatization,and undefined waste-thermal property relationships,this study develops a clustering model.The clustering model is designed to categorize the dynamically evolving mixtures within the five waste streams into 12 computationally tractable clusters(including PVC,PP,PE,PS,natural rubber,cellulose,cellulose+hemicellulose,cellulose+hemicellulose+lignin,pathology,drugs,metals,and glass),facilitating the prediction of their disposal characteristics.This classification establishes the basis for determining mixed waste properties while delivering operational intelligence for disposal processes.更多还原