【摘要】 随着5G、数据中心等快速发展，全球数据流量呈现指数级增长。传统光纤光缆在容量密度、环境适应性及多场景应用上面临重大挑战。系统探讨了多场景光纤光缆技术的演进方向。通过研究空分复用光纤技术、薄壁微束管工艺、全干式对称光缆结构和集成直插锁紧等技术，开发抗弯光纤、耐辐照光纤、大芯数光缆与光连接技术。研究结果表明，通过材料创新、结构优化与工艺突破，光纤光缆技术可兼顾高密度化、微型化与功能化需求，适应算力网络、智能传感等多场景应用需求。未来需要持续探索多芯少模光纤、空芯光纤及绿色制造技术，推动光纤从传输通道向智能连接底座发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Significance Optical fibers and cables serve as the core media for information and communication technology. Since their inception in the 1970s, they have evolved from multimode to single-mode variants and expanded applications from terrestrial to submarine environments. This evolution has given rise to multi-scenario fiber technologies centered on backbone networks, metropolitan networks, access networks, and base station interconnections. Traditional optical fibers and cables face significant challenges in capacity density, environmental adaptability, and multi-scenario deployment. These challenges are intensified by the exponential growth of global data traffic, driven by rapid 5G development and the expansion of data centers. In this context, multi-scenario fiber and cable technologies are advancing through systematic innovations in structural optimization, material breakthroughs, and system integration. Research indicates that these systemic technological advancements can resolve bottlenecks, including high-density cabling and reliability in extreme environments. More importantly, they are driving fiber technology toward multidimensional integration, providing critical support for ultra-high-capacity communication networks, smart energy systems, and deep-space exploration. This paper systematically examines the technological evolution, applications, and future challenges of optical fibers and cables based on recent research findings.Progress In 5G and hyperscale data center construction, compact high-fiber-count cable technologies have gained significant attention from leading global companies and operators. This growing interest is largely driven by the constraints of limited pipeline resources. By developing bendable fiber ribbon technologies, ultra-high-fiber-count cables can reduce the diameter of 3456-fiber loosetube cables to 30 mm, decreasing space occupancy by 40% compared to traditional designs(Fig. 3). Space-division multiplexing(SDM) technology has also emerged as a key direction for high-capacity and submarine communication systems. A 19-core fiber has been used to achieve transmission capacities of 3.6 Pbit/s, while a deeply fluorine-doped 4-core fiber with inter-core crosstalk below-57 d B has been successfully applied in submarine cable systems(Fig. 4). For complex environments, confined spaces, and dense-access scenarios, many researchers have studied novel optical waveguide structures with multi-cladding designs(Fig. 7). These structures introduce smoothly transitioned intermediate cladding layers between the core and outer cladding, effectively mitigating interfacial stress. This innovation maintains the original waveguide structure while meeting requirements for high-performance transmission, low loss, radiation resistance, extended lifespan, and micro-bending flexibility. The developed micro-bending single-mode fiber exhibits an excess loss of less than 0.35 d B at a 5 mm bend radius(1550 nm wavelength). Furthermore, radiation-resistant fibers demonstrate attenuation below 8 d B/km at a cumulative dose of 1000 Gy, fulfilling diverse radiation-hardened application needs(Fig. 8). Building on dimensional stability control technologies, long-lifespan and high-fiber-count cables have gained developmental potential. The latest high-fiber-count ribbon technology, integrating ultra-thin fibers with diameters of 200 μm, 180 μm, or even smaller, achieves cables with up to 6912 fibers. By optimizing materials and aramid braiding methods, 48-fiber dynamic cables for applications such as China’s Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope(FAST) can be developed. These cables retain structural integrity after over 100000 bending cycles, with real-time optical power fluctuations during motion remaining below 0.044 d B. To meet multi-scenario demands in residential communities, commercial buildings, and office environments, optical access networks require adaptive solutions. As illustrated in Fig. 2, optical interconnection technologies must evolve to accommodate diverse access scenarios through pre-connectorized solutions, enhancing the deployment efficiency of Optical Distribution Networks(ODNs). By integrating plug-and-play auto-lock mechanisms with high-tensile fixation strategies, the design uses snap-fit structures and supporting bosses to enable pre-connectorized components to achieve plug-and-play functionality while maintaining compatibility across adapter types. This approach reduces repetitive adapter adjustments during field installations, improving construction efficiency by over 50%.Conclusions and Prospects Driven by the demand for an all-optical society, communication fiber technologies are advancing toward larger fiber counts, smaller dimensions, eco-friendly materials, and enhanced functionality. When combined with optical interconnection packaging technologies and digital ODN solutions, these advancements accelerate the implementation of Fiber-to-the-Room(FTTR) and Fiber-to-the-Machine(FTTM) scenarios. The ongoing development of flexible fiber ribbons is expanding applications into wearable devices and robotics, opening new possibilities for functional integration. A series of breakthroughs in multi-scenario optical fiber and cable technologies, alongside optical interconnection innovations, provides technical foundations for future advancements in multi-core fibers, hollow-core fibers, silicon photonics integration, and digital ODNs. Ultimately, innovations in materials, processes, chips, and systems are transforming optical fibers from simple “information transmission channels” into the “intelligent connectivity foundations of computing networks”. This transformation will empower a wide range of industries and drive emerging applications.更多还原