【摘要】 【目的】筛选出适宜陇东黄土高原重茬苹果建园前土壤改良的绿肥作物，明确不同绿肥作物种植翻压还田后对重茬苹果建园前土壤的改良效果和机理。【方法】以挖除18年生苹果树的果园土壤为研究对象（未新栽植幼树），在不施加化肥仅增施有机肥情况下，于2024年通过田间试验比较了箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativa L.）、油菜（Brassica napus L.）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）、毛叶苕子（Vicia villosa Roth）4种绿肥作物的生物量、养分含量和累积量，及其翻压还田60 d后对0～20 cm、20～40 cm土层的土壤养分、酶活性的影响，并对各指标进行相关性分析及主成分分析。【结果】油菜的鲜生物量、全磷、全钾及全钾累积量均最高，翻压还田，黑麦草的干生物量最高（9 637.64 kg/hm~2），毛叶苕子的鲜生物量、干生物量均最低；毛叶苕子的全氮（41.28 g/kg）含量最高，箭筈豌豆的全氮累积量（185.44 kg/hm~2）最高，黑麦草的全氮、全磷、全钾含量均最低但全磷累积量（24.33 kg/hm~2）最多；翻压还田60 d，相较于清耕，不同绿肥对土壤含水量、pH、有机质影响均不显著；在0～20 cm土层，油菜显著提升了土壤全氮含量（67.14%），箭筈豌豆、毛叶苕子显著提升了土壤有效磷含量，4种绿肥均显著提升了土壤速效钾含量，但以油菜的增幅最大（144.81%）；油菜显著提升了0～20 cm土层土壤过氧化氢酶活性（14.55%）、脲酶活性（54.59%）及磷酸酶活性（43.25%），箭筈豌豆显著提升了0～20 cm土层土壤蔗糖酶活性（17.72%）；主成分综合得分排序为：油菜>黑麦草>清耕>箭筈豌豆>毛叶苕子。【结论】不施加化肥仅增施有机肥情况下，种植油菜、黑麦草翻压还田有利于陇东地区重茬苹果建园前土壤改良，以油菜为最优绿肥作物，黑麦草次之。更多还原

【Abstract】 【Objective】 This study aimed to screen suitable green manure crops for soil improvement prior to the establishment of replanted apple orchards on the Longdong Loess Plateau and to clarify the effects and mechanisms of different green manure crops incorporated into the soil.【Method】 Using the soil of an 18-year-old apple orchard after tree removal(without replanting young trees) as the experimental material,and under the condition of applying organic fertilizer but no chemical fertilizers,a field trial was conducted in 2024. Four green manure crops-common vetch(Vicia sativa L.),rapeseed(Brassica napus L.),perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.),and hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth)-were compared for biomass,nutrient concentration,and nutrient accumulation,as well as their effects on soil nutrients and enzyme activities in the 0～20 cm and 20～40 cm soil layers 60 days after incorporation. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to evaluate all indicators.【Result】 Rapeseed showed the highest fresh biomass,total phosphorus(P) concentration,total potassium(K) concentration,and total K accumulation. Perennial ryegrass produced the highest dry biomass(9 637. 64 kg/hm~2),whereas hairy vetch had the lowest fresh and dry biomass. Hairy vetch exhibited the highest total nitrogen(N) concentration(41. 28 g/kg),whereas common vetch had the highest total N accumulation(185. 44 kg/hm~2). Perennial ryegrass had the lowest concentrations of total N,total P,and total K,but the highest total P accumulation(24. 33 kg/hm~2).Sixty days after green manure incorporation,soil moisture,pH,and organic matter were not significantly affected by any green manure treatment compared with clean tillage(no green manure). In the 0～20 cm soil layer,rapeseed significantly increased total N content by 67. 14%; common vetch and hairy vetch significantly increased available P;all four green manures significantly increased readily available K,with rapeseed giving the largest increase(144. 81%). Rapeseed significantly enhanced soil catalase,urease,and phosphatase activities by 14. 55%,54. 59%,and 43. 25%,respectively,while common vetch significantly increased sucrase activity by 17. 72% in the 0～20 cm layer. The principal component composite scores ranked the treatments as: rapeseed > perennial ryegrass > clean tillage > common vetch > hairy vetch.【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of omitting chemical fertilizers and applying only organic fertilizer,the incorporation of rapeseed and perennial ryegrass is beneficial for soil improvement before replanting apple orchards in the Longdong region. Rapeseed is the optimal green manure crop,followed by perennial ryegrass.更多还原