【摘要】 口腔鳞状细胞癌（oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC）是头颈部常见恶性肿瘤，约50%～60%的OSCC患者确诊时已处于局部晚期（临床分期Ⅲ～Ⅳa期），以手术为主的综合序列治疗模式下其5年总生存期（overall survival,OS）率仍低于50%，且术后常伴随语言、吞咽等功能障碍。程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death receptor-1,PD-1)抑制剂在局部晚期OSCC新辅助治疗中逐步推广，并取得了较好的疗效，但临床实践中仍面临适应证界定、联合治疗方案优化、疗效评估标准等诸多关键问题。基于国内外最新研究进展，本专家共识系统评估PD-1抑制剂在局部晚期OSCC新辅助治疗中的应用、联合治疗策略、治疗疗程与手术时机、疗效评估、生物标志物的应用、特殊人群与免疫相关不良反应的管理、免疫治疗再挑战原则、功能保留等关键问题，经专家组多轮讨论，采用Delphi法匿名投票形成以下共识：1）对局部晚期OSCC患者术前可采用PD-1抑制剂进行新辅助治疗；新辅助治疗首选PD-1抑制剂联合含铂药物化疗方案，疗程为2～3个周期；2）在新辅助治疗疗效评估阶段，影像学评估需参照实体瘤疗效评价标准1.1版（response evaluation criteria in solid tumors 1.1,RECIST 1.1）与实体瘤免疫治疗疗效评价标准（immune response evaluation criteria in solid tumors,iRECIST）双重标准；术后需对原发灶和区域淋巴结分别进行系统病理评估；联合化疗方案则可不将PD-L1表达及联合阳性评分（combined positive score,CPS）作为入组或排除标准；3）特殊人群如高龄（≥70岁）、病毒载量稳定的HIV感染者及慢性HBV/HCV携带者，可在多学科团队（multidisciplinary team,MDT）指导下慎重用药并加强不良反应监测；4）对于新辅助治疗后疗效不佳的，不建议继续维持原治疗方案，应及时进行MDT评估，调整后续治疗方案；对于器官移植受者与活动性自身免疫疾病患者，因存在免疫异常激活相关高风险，不推荐使用PD-1抑制剂新辅助治疗；对于已发生了高风险免疫相关不良事件（如免疫性心肌炎、神经毒性、肺炎等）的患者，一般不建议再挑战；5）病理缓解良好的患者可探索个体化降级手术与功能保存策略。本共识旨在推动PD-1抑制剂新辅助治疗策略在局部晚期OSCC患者中的规范、安全与精准应用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) is a common head and neck malignancy. Approximately 50% to 60% of patients with OSCC are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage(clinical staging III-IVa). Even with systemic and sequential treatment primarily based on surgery, the 5-year overall survival rate remains below 50%, and patients often suffer from postoperative functional impairments such as difficulties with speaking and swallowing. Programmed death receptor-1(PD-1) inhibitors are increasingly used in the neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced OSCC and have shown encouraging efficacy. However, clinical practice still faces key challenges, including the definition of indications, optimization of combination regimens, and standards for efficacy evaluation. Based on the latest research advances worldwide and the clinical experience of the expert group, this expert consensus systematically evaluates the application of PD-1 inhibitors in the neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced OSCC, covering combination strategies, treatment cycles and surgical timing, efficacy assessment, use of biomarkers, management of special populations and immune related adverse events, principles for immunotherapy rechallenge, and function preservation strategies. After multiple rounds of panel discussion and through anonymous voting using the Delphi method, the following consensus statements have been formulated: 1) Neoadjuvant therapy with PD-1 inhibitors can be used preoperatively in patients with locally advanced OSCC. The preferred regimen is a PD-1 inhibitor combined with platinum based chemotherapy, administered for 2-3 cycles. 2) During the efficacy evaluation of neoadjuvant therapy, radiographic assessment should follow the dual criteria of Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(RECIST) version 1.1 and immune RECIST(iRECIST). After surgery, systematic pathological evaluation of both the primary lesion and regional lymph nodes is required. For combination chemotherapy regimens, PD-L1 expression and combined positive score need not be used as mandatory inclusion or exclusion criteria. 3) For special populations such as the elderly(≥ 70 years), individuals with stable HIV viral load, and carriers of chronic HBV/HCV, PD-1 inhibitors may be used cautiously under the guidance of a multidisciplinary team(MDT), with close monitoring for adverse events. 4) For patients with a poor response to neoadjuvant therapy, continuation of the original treatment regimen is not recommended; the subsequent treatment plan should be adjusted promptly after MDT assessment. Organ transplant recipients and patients with active autoimmune diseases are not recommended to receive neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitor therapy due to the high risk of immune related activation. Rechallenge is generally not advised for patients who have experienced high risk immune related adverse events such as immune mediated myocarditis, neurotoxicity, or pneumonitis. 5) For patients with a good pathological response, individualized de-escalation surgery and function preservation strategies can be explored. This consensus aims to promote the standardized, safe, and precise application of neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitor strategies in the management of locally advanced OSCC patients.更多还原