【摘要】 “双碳”背景下，内燃机燃料正朝低碳、零碳化方向发展。本文综合分析了氢、氨、甲醇生产制备、储运及在内燃机中应用各环节所面临的问题和挑战。结果表明：现阶段我国生产氢、氨、甲醇以化石能源为主；氨及甲醇生产制备规模较大，技术成熟，成本较低；氨及甲醇储运成本较低，由于氢液化条件苛刻、安全性等存在挑战，导致其储运成本较高。在内燃机应用方面，甲醇内燃机技术较为成熟，目前在船机、乘用车及商用车领域均有商业化产品；近年来进入了氢内燃机高速发展期；氨燃料内燃机目前大多处于产品研发阶段。同时，本文也对比分析了低碳及无碳燃料在内燃机中应用所需关注的技术难题。最后，对未来内燃机燃料低碳及无碳化发展进行了展望。更多还原

【Abstract】 To achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, fuels utilized in internal combustion engines(ICE) are shifting towards low-carbon and carbon-free pathway. The issues and challenges about the production, storage, and transportation of hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and their application in ICE are comprehensively analyzed in this investigation. Results show that at the present stage, the production of hydrogen, ammonia and methanol is mainly dependent on fossil fuels. The scale of ammonia and methanol production is large, the technology maturity is high and the cost is low. The storage and transportation cost of ammonia and methanol are low. Hydrogen liquefaction has high storage and transportation costs due to its extreme liquefaction conditions,safety issues and other challenges. In terms of low-carbon and carbon-free fuel application in ICE,the technology maturity of methanol ICEs is high and there are currently commercialized engines in the marine, passenger and commercial vehicle sectors. In recent years, hydrogen ICEs have a booming development period. Most of ammonia ICEs are currently in the product development stage. Meanwhile, the comparisons and analyses of technology challenges of the application of lowcarbon and carbon-free fuel in ICE are also conducted in this study. Finally, the prospects of future development of low-carbon and carbon-free fuels are also made.更多还原