【摘要】 槽电压的影响以及控制一直是锌电积工业中重要的指标，目前电锌厂普遍存在槽电压高，电能消耗高的情况，这是由于电解液中各离子浓度对槽电压影响较大且难以消除。针对这一问题，本文通过在线记录不同的H₂SO₄, Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺浓度以及电解液温度对锌电积过程中的槽电压、阴/阳极电位和溶液电阻率的影响，揭示了锌电积过程中的槽电压、阴/阳极电位和溶液电阻率的变化规律，对实际生产过程有参考意义。结果表明，电解过程中阴极电位较为稳定，阳极电位对槽压的影响较大，在实验范围内，Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺和Ca²⁺对阴极电位，阳极电位均有影响，但幅度不同，对槽电压影响不大；而Mg²⁺浓度增大使得槽电压增大，H₂SO₄浓度增大和温度升高都会使槽电压减小。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present, most enterprises use electrowinning process to produce zinc. In this process, the power consumption of electrolytic zinc accounts for a high proportion, and there are many influencing factors, so it is difficult to reduce the electrical energy consumption of this step. Under the background of energy saving and carbon reduction transformation in the non-ferrous metal industry and improving the utilization efficiency of energy resources, the zinc smelting industry undertakes the important task of saving energy and reducing production costs. The lead-zinc industry standard conditions require that the direct current consumption of electric zinc in the process of the enterprise is not higher than 3050 kWh·t^-1, which makes it urgent to reduce electrical energy consumption. In the process of zinc electrowinning, reducing power consumption means that the cell voltage and the current efficiency of the cathode need to be strictly controlled. The ion concentration in the electrolyte has a great influence on the cell voltage and the current efficiency of the cathode, and it is difficult to eliminate. The influence of each ion on the cell voltage and the current efficiency of the cathode is also different. Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ are alkali metal ions. Calcium and magnesium salts make it difficult to separate and filter the pulp during leaching, and are easy to crystallize during the electrowinning process, which makes the equipment pipeline blocked, which mainly affects the viscosity of the solution and the resistance of the electrolyte. In the electrolyte, on the one hand, Mn²⁺ can make the anode surface form dense MnO₂, which makes the electrode difficult to be corroded, therefore, it is necessary to add appropriate Mn²⁺ in the electrolyte. On the other hand, excessive Mn²⁺ in the electrolyte will aggravate the effect of oxygen evolution reaction and affect the quality of cathode zinc precipitation, which mainly affects the anode reaction and the side reaction in electrowinning. Too low concentration of Zn²⁺ in the system will cause concentration polarization near the electrode, and too high content will reduce the distance between ions, which will reduce the conductivity of the solution and eventually lead to the increase of the cell voltage. This phenomenon is contrary to the concentration of sulfuric acid. The higher the concentration of sulfuric acid in the system, the higher the conductivity of the solution, but at the same time, the higher concentration of sulfuric acid will aggravate the hydrogen evolution reaction and even dissolve the precipitated zinc. In this paper, the effects of different sulfuric acid concentration, zinc ion concentration, manganese ion concentration, magnesium ion concentration, calcium ion concentration, and electrolyte temperature on the cell voltage, cathode/anode potential, and solution resistivity in the process of zinc electrowinning were systematically studied. The experimental results showed that when other variables were constant, the cell voltage and cathode/anode potential decreased with the increase of sulfuric acid concentration. With the increase of Zn²⁺ concentration, the cell voltage and cathode potential of the system did not fluctuate significantly, indicating that Zn²⁺ had little effect on the cell voltage in this concentration range. In the experimental range, with the increase of Mn²⁺ concentration, the potential of cathode and anode gradually increased and then decreased, but the amplitude was different, and the cell voltage rose first and then decreased, the variation was within 20 mV. With increasing Mg²⁺ concentration, the cell voltage rose from 3.08 to 3.18 V, accompanied by a shift in the cathode potential from-1.55 to-1.6 V and an increase in the anode potential from 1.5 to 1.54 V. When the temperature continued to rise, the cell voltage decreased, and the cathode/anode potential changed less; the cell voltage and cathode/anode potential did not change significantly with the increase of calcium ion concentration. The experimental results showed that the satisfactory reaction conditions for zinc electrowinning in this electrolyte concentration range were as follows: H₂ SO₄ concentration was 150 g·L^-1, Zn²⁺ concentration was 40 g·L^-1, Mn²⁺ concentration was 2 g·L^-1, Mg²⁺ concentration was less than 15 g·L^-1, Ca²⁺ concentration was less than 0.5 g·L^-1, and electrolyte temperature was 40 ℃.更多还原