【摘要】 为了明确宁夏地区禽流感病毒（AIV）的流行生态特征和血凝素（HA）基因演化规律，为该地区禽流感的预警和防控提供科学依据。本试验结合第三次全国国土调查、国家林业和草原局、《宁夏调查年鉴（2023）》和实地调研资料，运用QGIS软件绘制湿地资源、家禽养殖和活禽市场的空间分布图，同时对候鸟物种进行资源特征分析。基于公共数据库下载宁夏地区AIV分离株元数据，统计分析其亚型组成和宿主分布特征；获取宁夏地区H9亚型和H5亚型AIV HA基因序列，构建系统发育树，分析其遗传演化特征；整理宁夏地区高致病性禽流感（HPAI）疫情数据并分析其流行特征。结果显示，宁夏地区湿地资源丰富，栖息和迁徙候鸟种类多样。家禽养殖集中分布在中部地区，活禽市场则多分布于北部地区，且多为露天经营，常见多品种混养混售的现象。宁夏地区AIV分离株中，H9和H5亚型占据主导地位，分别占比83.0%(303/365)和13.7%(50/365)，其中H9亚型AIV主要宿主为鸡（83.8%,254/303）,H5亚型AIV主要宿主为野鸟（72.0%,36/50）。HA基因系统发育分析显示，宁夏地区流行的AIV和我国其他地区高度同源，提示AIV在宁夏地区具有明显的跨地区传播和基因交流特征；2005—2021年，宁夏地区多次发生HPAI疫情，主要由H5N1亚型AIV引起，造成大规模家禽死亡和扑杀，H7N9和H5N8亚型AIV亦曾引发疫情。综合分析表明，候鸟迁徙、活禽贸易等因素共同驱动了宁夏地区AIV的流行。应加强重点地区监测，优化疫苗匹配和家禽养殖场生物安全管理，以提升本地区禽流感防控能力。更多还原

【Abstract】 To elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of avian influenza virus(AIV) and the evolutionary patterns of its hemagglutinin(HA) gene in Ningxia, and to provide a scientific basis for early warning and prevention of avian influenza in this region, this study combined data from the Third National Land Survey, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, the Ningxia Statistical Yearbook(2023), and results from field investigations. Using QGIS software, spatial distribution maps of wetland resources, poultry farming, and live poultry markets were generated, and the resource characteristics of migratory bird species were analyzed. Metadata of AIV isolates from Ningxia were retrieved from public databases to analyze subtype composition and host distribution. HA gene sequences of H9 and H5 AIV subtypes were obtained to construct phylogenetic trees and explore genetic evolutionary characteristics. Outbreak data of highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI) in Ningxia were also collected and analyzed. The results showed that Ningxia has abundant wetland resources with diverse migratory and resident bird species. Poultry farming is concentrated in the central region, while live poultry markets are mostly distributed in the northern region, with many operating outdoors and commonly practicing multi-species mixed farming and trading. Among AIV isolates in Ningxia, H9 and H5 subtypes dominated, accounting for 83. 0%(303/365) and 13. 7%(50/365), respectively. H9 AIV was primarily hosted by chickens(83. 8%, 254/303), whereas H5 AIV was mainly associated with wild birds(72. 0%, 36/50). Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene indicated that AIV strains in Ningxia are highly homologous to those in other parts of China, suggesting clear evidence of cross-regional transmission and genetic exchange. Between 2005 and 2021, multiple HPAI outbreaks occurred in Ningxia, mostly caused by H5N1 AIV, resulting in large-scale poultry deaths and culling, while H7N9 and H5N8 subtypes also triggered outbreaks. In summary, migratory bird movements and live poultry trade jointly drive AIV circulation in Ningxia. Enhanced monitoring in key areas, improved vaccine matching, and strengthened biosecurity management in poultry farms are recommended to improve avian influenza prevention and control capacity in the region.更多还原