【摘要】 《物种起源》的刊行成为划分科学史前后两个世界的重要界限。尽管达尔文及其《物种起源》对科学史的贡献和影响受到各界的广泛关注，但是学界对达尔文进化论的依据——自然选择学说的研究尚不充分。结合已确定的史实，爬梳达尔文书信集及相关新史料，钩沉达尔文自然选择学说的由来，通过比较分析达尔文自然选择原理和华莱士自然法则的异同，发现类比“自然”和“人类”、生存斗争的机制是学说存在争议的主要来源。进一步整理自然选择学说演变过程中人物关系网的相关细节，探颐自然选择学说从“自然选择”演变为“自然选择；即最适者生存”背后达尔文进化论思想脉络的变迁，希冀对达尔文进化论的认识与理解增加一些修正与补充。更多还原

【Abstract】 The publication of The Origin of Species became an important boundary for dividing the prehistoric world of science. Although Darwin’s The Origin of Species has received widespread attention for its contribution and influence on the history of science, the academic research on Natural Selection, the basis of Darwin’s theory of evolution, is still insufficient. This article examines the collection of Darwin’s letters and related new historical materials, combined with established historical facts, to sort out the origin of Darwin’s Natural Selection. By comparing and analyzing the similarities and differences between Wallace’s law of nature and Darwin’s principles of natural selection, it is found that the main source of controversy in the theory lies in the analogy between nature and human and the mechanism of struggle for existence. By further organizing the relevant details of the human relationship network in the historical evolution of natural selection, exploring the changes in the ideological framework of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution based on the evolution of Natural Selection from “natural selection” to “natural selection; or survival of the fittest”, it could be hoped to add some revisions and supplements to the understanding and comprehension of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.更多还原