【摘要】 为了研究冷却技术如何在高功率密度和超大规模的趋势下有效地满足数据中心的热需求，本文针对直接液冷技术，重点分析了冷却液这一核心要素对换热效率及机柜整体性能的影响，综述了直接接触式单相和相变液冷技术中常用冷却液的关键物性参数对系统冷却效果的影响，以及通过添加纳米颗粒形成纳米流体对冷却液进行改性方面的研究进展，初步研究了冷却液的材料兼容性和可持续发展性。研究表明：单相和相变冷却液的散热效果受多个关键物性参数影响，其中矿物油、FC-3283和Novec72DE得到广泛的研究，综合冷却效果较好；针对冷却液改性研究，通常会添加纳米颗粒来提升冷却液的导热系数和比热容，并降低黏性，未来研究还应侧重于降低沸点和提高汽化潜热，以优化相变冷却液性能。更多还原

【Abstract】 To investigate how cooling technologies can effectively meet the thermal demands of data centers under the trends of high-power density and ultra-large scale, direct liquid cooling technology is focused on in this paper, with particular emphasis placed on the analysis of the impact of the coolant as a core element on heat exchange efficiency and overall cabinet performance. A comprehensive review is conducted on the influence of key physical property parameters of commonly used coolants in direct-contact single-phase and phase-change liquid cooling technologies, as well as research progress in coolants being modified by nanoparticles to form nanofluids. The material compatibility and sustainability of coolants are preliminarily explored. It is demonstrated by the study that the cooling performance of both single-phase and phase-change coolants is affected by multiple key physical property parameters, among which mineral oil, FC-3283, and Novec72 DE have been widely studied and superior comprehensive cooling effects are exhibited. Regarding coolant modification research, nanoparticles are often added to enhance thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, and reduce viscosity. Future research should also focus on boiling points being lowered and latent heat of vaporization being increased to optimize the performance of phase-change coolants.更多还原