【摘要】 近地小行星作为太空资源的重要组成部分，是人类文明可持续发展的资源宝库和未来太阳系探索的基础。针对近地小行星表面资源提取中的星壤组成与表面环境特点，基于目前小行星采样返回任务与地球陨石的样本数据，建立了碳质、硅质与金属质近地小行星代表性物质及元素组分模型；提出了基于近地小行星表面成分特点的资源分质利用模式，探讨了微重力与超高真空环境对矿物分离与金属提取过程的影响。介绍了适用于近地小行星表面极端环境的矿物分离与金属提取相关技术，包括离心筛分、磁力分选、熔融电解、微生物浸出和光学加热技术，为近地小行星表面选矿和冶金提供了理论与技术支撑，为太空资源开发利用提供了新的研究方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 Near-Earth asteroids(NEAs), constituting a vital component of space resources, harbor extensive reserves that underpin and enable human space exploration endeavors. A comprehensive review of the mineral composition and classification of NEAs is conducted, utilizing data from asteroid sample return missions and terrestrial meteorites, with consideration given to the asteroid regolith’s composition and surface environment characteristics. Furthermore, the primary methods for resource utilization on NEA surfaces are analyzed, examining the impacts of microgravity and ultrahigh vacuum conditions on metal separation and extraction processes. Relevant technologies for mineral separation and metal extraction in the extreme environments of NEA surfaces are introduced, encompassing centrifugal screening, magnetic separation, melting electrolysis, microbial leaching, and optical heating techniques. These findings offer theoretical and technological foundations for mineral beneficiation and metallurgy on asteroid surfaces, thereby opening up novel research avenues related to the development and utilization of NEA resources.更多还原