【摘要】 沥青是一种由多环芳烃及其非金属衍生物组成的复杂混合物，其高碳含量特性使其在能源领域备受关注。作为碱金属离子（Li、Na、K）电池及超级电容器碳电极材料的前驱体，沥青的利用不仅可拓展其应用潜力、提升其价值，而且与国家对创新能源解决方案的推动高度契合。然而，在沥青直接热解过程中，液相炭化难以精准控制，形成的微结构往往具有高取向性和较小的层间距，这在一定程度上限制了其电化学性能的提升。因此，调节沥青衍生炭材料的微结构以增强其电化学性能具有重要意义。本综述全面梳理了通过不同微结构工程方法开发沥青基炭材料的最新进展，特别强调了其在金属离子电池和超级电容器中的应用。文章首先概述了沥青分子及其碳衍生物的优势与不足，然后从分子和材料两个角度对先进的改性策略进行了分类。通过对微结构修饰原理的深入剖析以及对这些策略的综合分析，这篇综述为高性能沥青基炭材料的发展提供了重要的支撑。此外，文章还探讨了未来发展方向，包括材料结构优化、规模化生产的可行性以及废弃沥青的回收利用，以指导该领域的持续研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 Pitch is a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their non-metal derivatives that has a high carbon content.Using pitch as a precursor for carbon materials in alkali metal ion (Li~+/Na~+/K~+) batteries has become of great interest.However,its direct pyrolysis often leads to microstructures with a high orientation and small interlayer spacing due to uncontrolled liquid-phase carbonization,resulting in subpar electrochemical performance.It is therefore important to control the microstructures of pitch-derived carbon materials in order to improve their electrochemical properties.We evaluate the latest progress in the development of these materials using various microstructural engineering approaches,highlighting their use in metal-ion batteries and supercapacitors.The advantages and limitations of pitch molecules and their carbon derivatives are outlined,together with strategies for their modification in order to improve their properties for specific applications.Future research possibilities for structure optimization,scalable production,and waste pitch recycling are also considered.更多还原