【摘要】 反预期作为语义范畴，指断言的情形与言谈双方、他者或社会群体共享的预期情形不符，包括与质不符和与量不符。本文在前人研究的基础上对反预期及相关的几个重要问题进行全面总结和系统梳理，提出：1）反预期包含言者的看法、断言的情形、预设或预期的标准情形、不符的情形四个要素；反预期是预期这一语义范畴的下位概念，与合预期、中性预期属于同一层次。2）除重音、语调、句式外，反预期义主要借助反预期标记和反预期触发语来实现；反预期标记可以单用、连用，还可以与反预期触发语合用。3）反预期与强调、否定常常伴生存在，作为一种主观性语义，反预期本质上是一种焦点化的显性或隐性否定，表现出篇章互动性。4）反预期义的浮现是一个动态过程，一些原本没有反预期义的表达形式可以逐步发展出反预期义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Counter-expectation, as a semantic category, refers to situations in which an assertion does not align with expectations shared by discourse participants, other individuals, or social groups, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative discrepancies. Based on previous studies, this paper summarizes several key issues related to counter-expectation and proposes the following: 1) Counter-expectation comprises four essential elements, i.e. the speaker’s perspective, the asserted situation, the presupposed or expected situation, and the discrepancy. Counter-expectation, as a hyponym within the semantic domain of expectation, occupies the same hierarchical level as predicted expectation and neutral expectation. 2) In addition to stress, intonation, and sentence pattern, counter-expectation is primarily expressed through counterexpectation markers and triggers. Counter-expectation markers can be used independently, together, or in combination with counter-expectation triggers. 3) Counter-expectation tends to cooccur with emphasis and negation. As a subjective semantic category, it essentially represents a focalized form of explicit or implicit negation and exhibits discourse-interactive properties. 4) The emergence of counter-expectation meaning is a dynamic process through which expressions that originally lacked counter-expectation meaning can gradually develop such meaning.更多还原