【摘要】 山东德州李兴智先生保存了其家族自清乾隆中期迁居本地以来40余件老地契，并整理出版。李家地契系统而全面，从交易对象分：有耕地契、宅地契、坟地契、场院契等；从交易方式上分：有绝卖契、活卖契、换地契、分家契等，囊括了当时华北乡村土地交易的基本形式，反映了华北地区小农土地交易的状况与特征：一是交易地块小，李家地契所反映的土地交易单次最多不过6亩，最少仅有1分地。交易次数虽多，但交易总量不大，百余年几代人所购土地总和不过数十亩；二是地块分散，李家地契所涉及的地块零星分散，不集中，不成片，很难形成集中耕作；三是价格波动大，耕地价格从每亩几吊至百余吊不等，不同时期、不同地段价格差别较大。由于清中后期时局的恶化与社会经济的震荡，小农之家的购买力持续下降，小农土地交易的零星与分散，很难形成土地的规模化经营。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mr. Li Xingzhi of Dezhou, Shandong Province has preserved more than 40 old land titles since his family moved here in the middle of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, and has compiled and published them. The land deeds of the Li family are systematic and comprehensive, which can be divided into farming land deeds, homestead deeds, grave land deeds, yard deeds, etc. from the perspective of trading partners; From the perspective of transaction methods, there are absolute sale contracts, live sale contracts, land exchange contracts, family separation contracts, etc., which include the basic forms of rural land transactions in North China at that time and reflect the current situation and characteristics of small-scale peasant land transactions in North China: first, the transaction plot is small, and the land transaction reflected in the Li land contract is only 6 Mu at most and 0.1 Mu at least. Although the number of transactions is large, the total amount of transactions is not large, and the total amount of land purchased by generations over a hundred years is only tens of acres; Second, the plots are scattered. The plots involved in the Li land deed are scattered, not concentrated and not in pieces, which makes it difficult to form centralized farming; Third, the price fluctuates greatly. The price of cultivated land varies from a few to more than a hundred per mu, and the price varies greatly in different periods and sections. Due to the deterioration of the political situation and the shock of social economy in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the purchasing power of small-scale farmers’ homes continued to decline, and the sporadic and scattered land transactions of small-scale farmers made it difficult to form large-scale land management.更多还原