【摘要】 随着深层（> 4 500 m）、超深层（> 6 000 m）油气资源勘探开发的逐步推进，对固井等关键工程技术提出了更高要求。特别是极端高温（≥200℃）、高压条件下水泥浆水化加速与缓凝剂的受热降效行为矛盾突出，致使浆体异常胶凝、稠化时间失控、调凝敏感以及成型水泥石强度发展受阻等不利现象频现，亟需开展高温条件下高性能缓凝剂的研发和理论研究，进而保障超深油气井固井作业安全、高效进行。为此，聚焦抗高温缓凝剂和油井水泥高温性能演变两个最关键因素，系统梳理了高温缓凝剂的研究进展、作用机理及功能化策略，并对智能化技术增效高温缓凝剂开发技术发展进行了展望。研究结果表明：(1)高温环境下水泥水化加速和缓凝剂失效是超深井固井面临的主要挑战，阐明共聚物类高温缓凝剂的构效关系及调凝机理，并研发高性能高温缓凝剂是解决超深层固井难题的首要方向；(2)在合成缓凝剂中引入功能基团、形成缔合结构、有机无机复合以及多种缓凝剂协同增效等功能化策略可有效提高高温缓凝剂的稳定调凝效果；(3)发展分子动力学模拟、机器学习和数值模拟等技术有望有效揭示缓凝机理、提高缓凝剂设计效率和监测水泥浆动态变化过程。结论认为，未来应着力研发耐高温、兼具低温早强与智能响应特性的新型缓凝剂，推动多模态智能技术在高性能缓凝剂开发与固井过程监控中的深度融合，为深层及超深井油气固井作业的高效安全实施提供理论支持与技术路径。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the gradual advancement of deep(>4 500 m) and ultra-deep(>6 000 m) oil and gas exploration and development,the key engineering technologies such as well cementing have to meet higher requirements.And especially under extremely high temperature(≥200 ℃) and high pressure,the contradiction between the increase of cement slurry hydration rate and the thermal degradation behavior of retarder is prominent,resulting in frequent adverse phenomena such as abnormal coagulation of the slurry,uncontrolled thickening time,sensitivity to setting adjustment,and hindered development of set cement strength.Therefore,it is in urgent need to conduct theoretical research and development of high-performance high-temperature retarders to ensure safe and efficient cementing operations in ultra-deep oil and gas wells.Focusing on high-temperature retarders and high-temperature performance degradation of set cement,this paper systematically reviews the research progresses,mechanisms and functional strategies of high-temperature retarders,and predicts the development of intelligent technologies to enhance the efficiency of high-temperature retarders.The following results are obtained.First,the increase of cement hydration rate and the failure of retarder under high temperature are the main challenges to ultra-deep well cementing.This paper clarifies the structure-activity relationships and setting adjustment mechanisms of copolymer high-temperature retarders,and points out that the research and development of high-performance high-temperature retarders is the primary direction to solve the difficulty in ultra-deep well cementing.Second,the functional strategies such as introducing functional groups,forming associative structures,realizing organic-inorganic composites and performing collaborative efficiency enhancement with different retarders can effectively improve the the stable setting adjustment effect of high-temperature retarders.Third,the development of molecular dynamics simulation,machine learning,numerical simulation and other technologies is expected to effectively elucidate retardation mechanisms,optimize retarder design efficiency,and monitor dynamic evolution of cement slurry.In conclusion,in the future,efforts should be made to develop new retarders that are resistant to high temperatures and have low-temperature early strength and intelligent response characteristics,and to promote the deep integration of multimodal intelligent technology in the development of high-performance retarders and the monitoring of well cementing process,so as to provide theoretical support and technical paths for the efficient and safe cementing of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas wells.更多还原