【摘要】 针对基于奖励的交通需求管理（incentive-based travel demand management,IBTDM）方案设计中特有的预算、渗透率约束，采用瓶颈模型分析了出发时间偏移量对出行者的出行成本和IBTDM最优奖励方案的影响；将考虑出发时间偏移量的奖励方案与不考虑原始出行模式的基于出发时间的奖励方案进行对比，分析不同方案的适用性。结果显示，出行者的单位出发时间偏移成本θ和单位行驶时间成本α的相对大小影响了考虑出发时间偏移量的最优奖励方案的形式。当θ<α时，奖励金额随时间先减少后增加；当θ > α时，奖励金额随时间先增加后减少；当θ=α时，奖励金额不变。此外，考虑出发时间偏移量和基于出发时间的奖励方案在有限预算下缓解拥堵的效果优劣，也取决于θ和α的相对大小。因此，管理者需要谨慎评估出行者单位出行成本，选择更有效的奖励方案。一般情况下，θ<α更符合真实出行场景，此时考虑出发时间偏移量的奖励方案对缓解系统拥堵效果更好。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the distinctive constraint of budget and penetration rate inherent in incentive-based travel demand management(IBTDM) scheme design, a bottleneck model was employed to analyze the impact of departure time offsets on travelers’ travel costs and the optimal IBTDM incentive scheme. Then, the incentive scheme considering departure time offset costs was compared with the scheme based on departure time, which does not consider travelers’ original travel patterns, aiming to assess the applicability and effectiveness of different incentive strategies. The results indicate that the relative magnitude of travelers’ unit departure time offset cost θ and unit travel time cost α significantly shapes the structure of optimal incentive schemes considering departure time offsets. When θ < α, the incentive amount decreases first and then increases over time; when θ > α, the incentive amount increases first and then decreases; and when θ = α, the incentive amount remains constant. Furthermore, the comparative effectiveness of the incentive scheme considering departure time offsets versus the incentive scheme based on departure time, in mitigating system congestion under budget constraints, also depends on the relative values of θ and α. Therefore, administrations must carefully evaluate travelers’ unit travel costs to determine the most efficient incentive schemes. Generally, θ < α more accurately reflects the real scenario, in which case the incentive scheme considering departure time offsets is more effective in alleviating system-wide congestion.更多还原