【摘要】 [目的]红松（Pinus koraiensis）是中国东北地区重要的乡土树种，兼具木材、坚果及生态价值。其开花结实共需跨越3年时间，第1年的分化直接决定结实量，但长期以来因缺乏分子机制解析，制约红松的机理研究与良种选育。[方法]以结实盛期红松的顶芽为材料，通过石蜡切片观察确定雌球花原基分化期为6-9月，并结合转录组测序技术（RNA-seq）解析其分子调控网络。[结果]共组装获得122 001条Unigene，其中54 888条成功注释到6大数据库。差异表达基因（DEGs）分析表明：8月分化中期（C2vsC3）的DEGs数量最多（8 791个），显著富集于植物激素信号转导（ko04075）、苯丙素生物合成（ko00940）等通路。生长素响应基因（如SAUR、GH3）在分化全过程动态表达，脱落酸通路基因（PYR/PYL、ABF）通过负调控机制促进花原基形成，揭示激素协同调控的新途径。此外，ERF、NAC等转录因子家族在分化中后期显著富集，推测其参与花器官形态建成与原基发育。[结论]红松雌球花原基分化是一个复杂的生物过程，其中，植物激素信号转导通路以及ERF、NAC和bHLH家族转录因子在花原基分化中发挥重要作用。研究结果提供的转录因子、激素和基因信息，有助于揭示这一复杂的生物过程，为解析裸子植物开花机制提供新模型，同时为红松高产育种及促花技术开发提供关键基因资源。更多还原

【Abstract】 [Objective]Pinus koraiensis is a vital indigenous tree species in northeastern China, valued for its timber, nuts, and ecological services. The flowering and fruiting in P. koraiensis spans three years, with the first-year differentiation directly determining seed yield. However, the lack of molecular mechanistic insights has hindered both fundamental research and genetic improvement efforts. [Methods]This study utilized apical buds from mature P. koraiensis trees during the peak fruiting period to characterize the differentiation stages of female cone primordia(June to September) via paraffin sectioning and to dissect the molecular regulatory network using transcriptome sequencing(RNA-seq). [Results]The results revealed 122 001 Unigenes, with 54 888 successfully annotated across six databases. Differential expression analysis identified 8 791 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) during middifferentiation(C2vsC3) in August, which were significantly enriched in pathways such as plant hormone signal transduction(ko04075)and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis(ko00940). We found the dynamic expression of auxin-responsive genes(SAUR, GH3) throughout differentiation and the novel mechanism of abscisic acid(ABA) pathway genes(PYR/PYL, ABF) promoting primordium formation through negative regulation. Additionally, transcription factor families such as ERF and NAC were highly enriched in mid-to-late differentiation stages, suggesting their roles in floral organogenesis and axillary bud development. [Conclusion]The flower bud differentiation of P. koraiensis was a complex biological process. The plant hormone-mediated signaling pathways and ERF, NAC,bHLH family genes played important roles in flower bud differentiation. These results provided information about transcription factors,genes and hormones to understand this complex development process and gave a new model about flowering mechanism of gymnosperms. The identified candidate genes and pathways offer critical resources for high-yield breeding and flowering-promotion technologies.更多还原