【摘要】 昆虫是动物界中物种最为丰富的一类生物,也是陆地与淡水生态系统中不可或缺的关键组成部分。人类活动的加剧导致全球生物多样性以前所未有的速度丧失,第六次灭绝危机已经到来。这场危机在很大程度上是昆虫的危机,昆虫数量的下降速度大约是脊椎动物的两倍。由此,昆虫多样性监测的重要性日益凸显。为突破传统昆虫多样性监测高度依赖主动采集方式的技术路径,进入21世纪以来,加强被动式监测方法的应用已成为昆虫多样性监测领域的重要发展趋势。然而,单一采样装置往往难以充分反映昆虫群落的真实结构,采样不充分的问题依然普遍存在。如何在多区域尺度上整合多种被动式监测装置,并在保证采样效率的同时实现标准化和可比性,已成为全球昆虫多样性变化趋势评估中的核心科学问题之一。在此背景下,中国科学院动物研究所白明研究员与英国帝国理工大学-英国自然历史博物馆Alfried Vogler教授联合诸多同行共同提出了“SITE-100”国际大科学计划。本项目计划在全球选定100个大样地,基于生物多样性采样原则,通过建设标准化样地,利用多种被动式采集装备组合来定量收集从地表到半高空的昆虫样本,从物种、形态、系统发育和遗传等多个多样性维度来探究全球昆虫多样性格局及其衰减机制。自2016年该项目提出以来,团队已累计在中国建设了16个样地。同时,联合国际同行在欧洲、非洲、亚洲、北美洲、南美洲、澳洲等地区建立了30余个样地。本文通过对“SITE-100”中国样地目前在昆虫多样性监测方面取得的研究成果、研发的新技术、新方法进行综述,详细介绍了“SITE-100”样地的标准化工作流程,以及各个新技术、新方法的特点与优势,以期助力于中国森林生物多样性监测工作的更好开展,推动在昆虫多样性时空分布格局评估、昆虫智能监测等方面技术标准体系的形成。更多还原

【Abstract】 Background & Aim: Insects are the most diverse group in the animal kingdom and are indispensable components of both terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. The intensification of human activities has led to an unprecedented rate of global biodiversity loss, signaling the onset of the sixth mass extinction. This crisis is, to a large extent, an insect crisis, as insect populations are declining at a rate approximately twice that of vertebrates. Consequently, the importance of monitoring insect diversity has become increasingly evident. To overcome the limitations of traditional insect biodiversity monitoring, which relies heavily on active sampling methods, the application of passive monitoring approaches has emerged as a major trend in insect diversity research since the beginning of the 21st century. However, monitoring insect diversity using a single sampling device often results in insufficient sampling and fails to capture the true structure of insect communities. How to integrate multiple passive monitoring devices across broad spatial scales, while ensuring both sampling efficiency and standardized, comparable data, has become a central scientific challenge in assessing global insect biodiversity trends. Strategies: Against this background, Professor Ming Bai from the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, together with Professor Alfried Vogler from Imperial College London and the Natural History Museum, UK, and numerous international collaborators, jointly proposed the “SITE-100” international large-scale research initiative. This program aims to establish 100 standardized sites worldwide, following principles of biodiversity sampling. By constructing standardized plots and employing combinations of multiple passive sampling devices, “SITE-100” quantitatively collects insect samples spanning vertical strata from the ground surface to the mid-canopy. Through this integrated sampling framework, the project investigates global insect diversity patterns and their underlying mechanisms of decline across multiple dimensions, including species, morphology, phylogeny, and genetic diversity. Summary: Since its inception in 2016, the “SITE-100” initiative has established 16 sampling sites in China and, in collaboration with international partners, more than 30 additional sites across Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, South America, and Australia. This paper reviews the research outcomes achieved at the “SITE-100” Chinese sites in insect biodiversity monitoring, as well as the newly developed technologies and methodological innovations. It provides a detailed introduction to the standardized workflows implemented at “SITE-100” sites and highlights the characteristics and advantages of each new technique and method. By doing so, this review aims to support the advancement of forest biodiversity monitoring in China and to promote the development of standardized technical frameworks for assessing spatiotemporal patterns of insect diversity and for intelligent insect monitoring.更多还原