【摘要】 垂体瘤是一种复杂而异质性大的神经内分泌肿瘤，其发生和发展涉及多种分子机制和信号通路。近年来，随着分子遗传学技术、单细胞测序和人工智能的快速发展，垂体瘤的研究取得了显著进展。这些技术揭示了肿瘤的分子异质性、关键基因突变和肿瘤微环境的特性，为精准分型和个体化治疗奠定了基础。在治疗领域，内镜技术推动了手术策略的不断优化，靶向治疗和免疫治疗的探索为侵袭性垂体瘤患者提供了新的希望。本综述聚焦于垂体瘤研究的最新进展，包括核心分子机制、免疫微环境的角色、人工智能辅助的风险预测，以及新型治疗方法的实践与展望，为未来的精准医学发展提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors(PitNETs) are complex and heterogeneous neuroendocrine tumors, whose development and progression involve multiple molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. In recent years, significant advances have been made in the research of PitNETs, thanks to the rapid development in molecular genetics technology,single-cell sequencing, and artificial intelligence. These technologies have unveiled the molecular heterogeneity of the tumors, key gene mutations, and the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, laying the groundwork for precise classification and personalized treatment.In the field of treatment, endoscopic technology has driven the optimization of surgical strategies, while the exploration of targeted therapy and immunotherapy provides new hope for invasive PitNETs. This review focuses on the latest advances in PitNET research, including core molecular mechanisms, the role of the immune microenvironment, AI-assisted risk prediction,and the practice and prospects of novel therapeutic methods, providing a reference for the future development of precision medicine in PitNETs.更多还原