【摘要】 采用无人飞机进行播撒作业，在农业生产中的应用越来越广泛。颗粒肥料沉积分布均匀性是衡量播撒作业性能的重要指标，在沉积分布测试中颗粒肥料收集的完整性对测试结果的准确性至关重要。为了提高测试中颗粒肥料的收集率，对颗粒肥料收集装置的材质及结构参数进行优选试验。设计了聚氯乙烯、橡胶、泡沫垫和牛津布的弹跳高度对比试验，试验结果表明，牛津布的弹跳高度最低，对尿素的平均弹跳高度为2.12 cm,对复合肥的平均弹跳高度为2.27 cm。设计了常规的硬质材料(聚乙烯塑料、硬纸盒)以及4种柔性材料对颗粒肥料收集率对比的试验，试验结果表明，柔性材料相较于硬质材料，对尿素和复合肥的收集率大大提高，其中牛津布对尿素和复合肥的收集率分别达到96.93%和99.41%。采用牛津布分别设计锥形和弧形2种形状的收集装置，设计了台架试验进行颗粒肥料收集率对比，台架试验结果表明，锥形收集装置的收集率优于弧形收集装置，锥形收集装置对尿素和复合肥的收集率分别为96.57%和98.25%,比常规的硬质聚乙烯塑料箱的收集率分别增加约45.76、42.68个百分点。开展了无人飞机播撒作业的颗粒肥料沉积分布特性田间对比试验，田间试验结果表明，在用量75、150、225 kg/hm~2水平下，采用柔性材料的锥形收集装置收集尿素的收集量比硬质塑料箱分别增加0.75、1.41、2.23 g;在同样的水平下，锥形收集装置收集复合肥的收集量比硬质塑料箱分别增加1.13、2.37、3.67 g。采用牛津布制作的锥形收集装置能有效减少颗粒肥料的二次弹跳，显著提高沉积分布测试中颗粒肥料收集的准确性。更多还原

【Abstract】 The application of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) for spreading operations is becoming increasingly widespread in agricultural production. The uniformity of the sediment distribution of granular fertilizers is an important indicator for measuring the performance of spreading operations. In sediment distribution testing, the completeness of granular fertilizer collection was critical to the accuracy of test results. To improve the collection rate of granular fertilizers during testing, optimization experiments on the material and structural parameters of the fertilizer collection device were conducted. A comparative test on the rebound height of different materials—polyvinyl chloride, rubber, foam mat, and Oxford fabric—was designed. The test results showed that Oxford fabric had the lowest rebound height, with an average rebound height of 2.12 cm for urea and 2.27 cm for compound fertilizer. A comparative test on the collection rates of granular fertilizers was also conducted by using conventional rigid materials(polyethylene plastic and cardboard) and four types of flexible materials. The results showed that flexible materials significantly improved the collection rates of both urea and compound fertilizer compared with rigid materials. Among them, Oxford fabric achieved the highest collection rates, with 96.93% for urea and 99.41% for compound fertilizer. Two types of collection devices—a conical and an arc-shaped design—were developed by using Oxford fabric. A bench test was designed to compare the collection rates of the different shapes. The results showed that the conical collection device outperformed the arc-shaped one, achieving collection rates of 96.57% for urea and 98.25% for compound fertilizer. Compared with the conventional rigid polyethylene plastic box, this represented an increase of approximately 45.76 percentage points and 42.68 percentage points, respectively. Field tests were conducted to measure the sediment distribution characteristics of granular fertilizers under UAV spreading operations. The results showed that under three application levels of 75 kg/hm~2, 150 kg/hm~2, 225 kg/hm~2, the amount of urea collected by the conical device made of flexible material was 0.75 g, 1.41 g, and 2.23 g more than that collected by the rigid plastic box, respectively. Under the same application levels, the amount of compound fertilizer collected was increased by 1.13 g, 2.37 g, and 3.67 g, respectively. The conical collection device made of Oxford fabric effectively reduced secondary rebounds of granular fertilizers and significantly improved the accuracy of sediment distribution testing.更多还原