【摘要】 早在19世纪70—80年代，俄国就进入了马克思恩格斯的研究视野，成为他们研究世界历史理论的经验原型。由于当时的俄国还处在从前资本主义社会向资本主义社会缓慢发展的时期，所以马克思恩格斯只是把俄国作为世界历史格局中被动的一方加以研究，并提出“俄国革命将成为西方无产阶级革命的信号而双方互相补充”的构想。列宁以19世纪80—90年代俄国社会的发展为依据，对马克思恩格斯有关俄国问题的构想作了新的阐释，以俄国资本主义发展的事实和俄国革命的特点证明，俄国不会永远是世界历史格局中被动的一方，而是有可能通过本国的无产阶级革命变得强大起来，成为世界历史变革中的能动的、主动的一方。沿着这一思路，列宁考察了俄国无产阶级革命的内部环境和外部环境，说明俄国无产阶级革命的内部环境使俄国无产阶级成为世界上最具有革命性的阶级，而俄国无产阶级革命的外部环境赋予了俄国无产阶级改变世界格局的历史使命。这样，列宁就通过透彻地研究俄国这个经验原型，揭示了世界历史发展偶然性的内在机制，发展了马克思主义的世界历史理论。更多还原

【Abstract】 As early as the 1870s and 1880s, Russia attracted the scholarly attention of Marx and Engels, who incorporated it into their theoretical framework of world history. Observing Russia’s transition from a pre-capitalist to a capitalist society, they initially viewed it as a passive participant in the global historical process. Their hypothesis suggested that “if the Russian Revolution becomes the signal for a proletarian revolution in the West,so that both complement each other． ” In light of Russian social developments in the 1880s and 1890s, Lenin offered a reinterpretation of this hypothesis. Through a systematic analysis of Russia’s capitalist transformation and the particularities of its revolutionary movement, Lenin concluded that the Russian Revolution would enable the country to assume an active role in shaping world history. Building upon this theoretical foundation,Lenin analyzed both the internal and external conditions that made Russia’s proletarian revolution possible. Internally, Russia had developed what Lenin described as the world’s most revolutionary proletariat. Externally,historical circumstances endowed the Russian working class with a mission to fundamentally reshape the global order. Through his in-depth analysis of the Russian case, Lenin elucidated the underlying mechanisms of historical development that often appear contingent. In doing so, he expanded upon Marx and Engels’ original world historical theory.更多还原