【摘要】 以湘中地区历史遗留锑-钨-金矿混合废渣为调查对象，通过多介质系统调查与污染评价，探究废渣及周边环境污染状况与污染物迁移路径。调查发现：氰化池内的氰化尾渣（903 m~3）为危险废物，剩余废渣水平振荡法浸出液中pH、As、Sb、Zn超标率分别为28.57%、21.90%、11.43%、0.95%，根据《一般工业固体废物贮存和填埋污染控制标准》（GB 18599—2020）分类方法，Ⅰ类与Ⅱ类一般工业固废分别为61 948.87、242 635.63 m~3。污染扩散研究表明，垂直方向上废渣中As、Sb已向下扩散，渣下土壤As、Sb超标率100%，内梅罗综合污染指数（PN）达中、重度污染（P_N为2.67～16.48）；下游地下水As、Sb超标率100%，为重度污染水平（P_N>22）。水平方向上地表水、沉积物、耕地土壤中As、Sb含量基本呈现出废渣区域上游浓度低→废渣区域浓度升高→废渣区域下游浓度降低的趋势。废渣堆下游地表水均为重度污染（P_N为5.25～40.75），沉积物中As、Sb浓度在邻近废渣区域的W3、W4点位显著上升，渣堆下游耕地土壤As超标率100%。废渣长期无序堆存对周边环境产生了污染，污染物主要通过水力作用在多种介质中进行迁移和累积。本研究可为区域风险管控与精准修复提供数据支撑。更多还原

【Abstract】 The waste residue from nonferrous metal mining and smelting contains a variety of pollutants. Inadequate management of these residues poses serious environmental hazards, as contaminants migrate to soil, water bodies,and the atmosphere through pathways such as leaching, surface runoff, and dust dispersal, leading to surrounding environmental pollution. At present, the investigation of waste residue pollution focuses on a single pollutant or local area, lacking systematic investigation and multi-medium analysis. Taking the historical mixed waste residue of antimony-tungsten-gold mine in central Hunan province as the research object, the pollution status and pollutant migration path of waste residue and surrounding environment were explored by comprehensive use of pollution source identification, multi-medium sampling and correlation analysis. Through pollution identification, it is found that the main pollution sources in this area are the leftover waste residue from the mining process of historical tungsten and antimony mines and the waste residue from the associated gold cyanidation process. The characteristic pollutants may be cyanide, As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb. The leachate generated by the waste residue washed by rain migrates to the surrounding environment, which may cause the surrounding environment to be polluted. In this study, the waste residue, the soil under the waste residue, groundwater, surface water, sediment and the surrounding cultivated land soil were sampled and analyzed, and the waste residue and environmental samples in the vertical and horizontal directions were evaluated and analyzed by the pollution index method and the corresponding national standards.The results show that As, Sb, Zn and pH value in the leaching solution of some waste residue samples(horizontal oscillation method) exceed the relevant standard limits, indicating that when the waste residue is leached by surface water or groundwater, the harmful components are leached into the environment. The cyanidation tailings in the cyanidation tank in the waste residue area are hazardous wastes. According to the geological survey data and grid method, it can be calculated that the class Ⅰ general industrial solid waste in the waste residue is 61 948.87 m~3, the class Ⅱ general industrial solid waste is 242 635.63 m~3, and the hazardous waste in the cyanidation tank is 903 m~3.The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index(P_N) of soil in the lower part of the waste residue is 2.67–16.48, and the soil in the lower part is moderately and severely polluted. The groundwater in the upstream of the waste residue is not polluted, and the P_N of the downstream sampling points are 22.81 and 22.31, respectively, which are of severe pollution level. The heavy metals As and Sb in the waste residue have diffused to the soil and groundwater in the lower layer in the vertical direction. The two sampling points of surface water in the upstream of the waste residue,P_N≤ 0.7, are pollution-free, and the five points in the downstream of the waste residue pile, P_N is 5.25–40.75, all reach the severe pollution level, and the exceeding standard factor is Sb. The concentrations of As and Sb in the sediment leaching solution increase significantly at the sampling points near the waste residue area. The results show that As and Cd in the cultivated soil around the waste residue exceed the standard. There is no significant correlation between Cd content and sampling locations. The diffusion of pollutants in the waste residue is not the main reason for the excessive Cd content in the soil. The element analysis of As shows that the upstream Pi(single factor pollution index) is 0.80, which is a pollution-free level, and the downstream Pi is 2.37–6.68, indicating that the pollutants in the waste residue diffuse with the pollution of surface water, which has caused varying degrees of pollution to the surrounding farmland soil. In the horizontal direction, the concentrations of arsenic and antimony in surface water, sediments, and farmland soil generally exhibit a trend of low concentration upstream from waste residue area, increasing concentration within the waste residue area, and decreasing concentration downstream of the waste residue area. The long-term disorderly stacking of waste residue has polluted the surface water, groundwater and soil, and the pollutants are mainly migrated and accumulated in a variety of medium through hydraulic action.This study can provide data support for regional risk control and targeted remediation.更多还原