【摘要】 黄河水土流失严重与河道断流的态势已得到基本遏制，但人水关系矛盾突出的情势并没有改变，科学调控人水关系成为新时期黄河流域高质量发展的重要需求。文章总结了黄河流域人水系统变化的基本情势，认为主要表现为输沙量显著下降、水资源短缺加剧、人水关系显著改变3个特点，黄河流域可持续发展面临垂向水循环通量持续增大、自然水资源存量持续减少、局部功能性断流仍然存在、制度影响机制分析不足4项重点挑战。基于对黄河细水长流自然属性及流域人水耦合的理论认识，文章提出未来科技攻关方向应推进水储量的基础数据采集与监测、加强水利基础设施工程与制度建设、施行地表水与地下水的联合管理、完善生态保护修复与补偿机制等，稳定水通量、保护水存量，维系黄河细水长流。更多还原

【Abstract】 The severe soil erosion and river channel disconnection along the Yellow River have been curbed. Still, the fundamental situation of prominent contradictions in the relationship between humans and water has not changed. Scientifically enhancing comprehensive management capabilities has become an important demand for high-quality development in the Yellow River basin during this new era. This study summarizes the fundamental ecological and hydrological changes in the Yellow River basin, and identifies three main characteristics, namely, sediment transport has significantly decreased, water resource shortages have intensified, and the relationship between humans and water has changed significantly. The four key challenges for sustainable development in the Yellow River basin are listed as continuous increase in water resource utilization flux, ongoing decrease in water resource stock, persistent local ecological disconnections, and insufficient institutional analysis of human impacts. Based on a theoretical understanding of human-land coupling systems in arid regions, the study proposes future directions for scientific research to promote data collection and monitoring of water reserves, improve hydraulic infrastructure through engineering and institutional reforms, implement joint management of surface water and groundwater, and balance ecological project construction with transfer payments to reduce water fluxes while protecting water stocks to maintain a steady flow of the Yellow River.更多还原