【摘要】 在高等教育大众化与普及化的背景下，面对高等教育规模扩张与同质化竞争的双重压力，德国通过分类发展构建了类型多样、质量均衡的高等教育体系，形成以综合性大学（研究型）和应用科学大学（应用型）为核心的二元结构。研究发现，德国通过法律明确高校定位、实施差异化政策、引入针对性认证评估制度及推行契约化管理，实现了高校的特色发展与资源优化配置。其分类体系以“温和分化”为特征，强调类型差异下的“等值”融通，同时也面临均衡发展与拔尖发展的矛盾。德国的经验为破解高等教育“垂直分层”与“水平分类”的理论争议提供了德国范式，是高等教育分类改革的重要镜鉴，尤其在处理资源分配、类型定位与系统协同关系方面具有启示意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Against the backdrop of the massification and universalization of higher education, and in response to the dual pressures of institutional expansion and homogenized competition, Germany has constructed a diversified yet qualitatively balanced higher education system through classified development. This system is organized around a dual structure centered on comprehensive universities(research-oriented) and universities of applied sciences(practice-oriented). The study demonstrates that Germany has achieved distinctive institutional development and optimized resource allocation by legally clarifying institutional mandates, implementing differentiated policies, introducing targeted accreditation and evaluation mechanisms, and adopting contractual governance arrangements.Characterized by “moderate differentiation”, this classification system emphasizes functional differentiation alongside “ equivalent integration” across institutional types, while simultaneously confronting the tension between balanced development and the pursuit of excellence. Germany’s experience offers a distinctive paradigm for resolving the theoretical debate between “vertical stratification” and“horizontal diversification” in higher education, providing critical insights for classification-oriented reforms, particularly with regard to resource allocation, institutional positioning, and systemic coordination within higher education systems.更多还原