【摘要】 <正>Studies have focused on neutralizing antibody titers and T-cell activation induced by vaccination against different SARS-CoV-2strains [1,2]. Advanced single-cell technology has allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of immune responses to diverse vaccines, revealing potential antiviral mechanisms [3–5]. Patients with rheumatic diseases（RDs） experience dysregulated cellular and humoral immune responses that affect their disease susceptibility,including COVID-19 [6]. While COVID-19 vaccines offer protective immunity to these patients, vaccination may also exacerbate immune dysregulation in RDs [7,8]. Although the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines have been demonstrated in the general population [3–5], how vaccines stimulate the immune system to elicit protective immune responses in RDs remains largely unknown. Our previous data showed lower neutralizing antibody titers in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus（SLEs） associated with impaired T follicular helper(T_fh) cell induction [9]（Fig. S1a online）.更多还原