【摘要】 中考制度是中等教育阶段的重要制度设计，在学生评价、选拔与分流等方面发挥着关键作用。研究对俄罗斯、德国、法国三国的中考招生制度进行梳理，分析其特点发现：俄罗斯采用两种不同类型的高中招生录取机制，旨在平衡大众教育与英才教育，推动普通教育的民主化与多样化改革；德国中考招生制度呈现“强分流、弱筛选”的功能特性；法国借助高中入学分配系统，在遵循就近入学原则的基础上，综合考量学生意愿、学业表现和学区教育资源等要素，以公开透明的机制保障高中入学公平。进一步探究发现，三国中考招生制度存在诸多共性：中考均承担学业水平检测功能；中考成绩并非高中招生录取的主要依据；中考制度既注重学生的个别化、个性化发展，又重视教育分流的公平性。基于此，未来我国中考招生制度改革可从以下方向推进：弱化中考作为升学筛选工具的作用，构建多元化的高中招生评价体系，打造个别化的学生生涯发展支持项目以引导教育分流，同时在制度改革过程中着重加强教育生态建设。更多还原

【Abstract】 The senior high school entrance examination system is crucial institutional designs at the secondary education stage, significantly impacting student evaluation, selection, and tracking. This study employs a case analysis approach to examine the senior high school entrance examination system in Russia, Germany, and France, analyzing their system characteristics and advantages. Two different mechanisms used in the Russian high school admission process aim to balance general education between mass education and elite education, also supporting the democratization and diversification of general education reforms. The high school admission process in Germany demonstrates a dual-functional paradigm characterized by “enhanced academic tracking with minimized selective screening”. The French secondary education system operationalizes a high school placement mechanism that strategically coordinates student preferences, academic performance,and district resource allocation under the proximity-based enrollment framework, thereby institutionalizing educational equity through procedurally transparent governance. The Senior High School Entrance Examination system functions as an academic proficiency assessment in China’s compulsory education system; its scores are not the predominant basis for high school admissions; the institutional design balances individualized student development with equitable educational streaming,reconciling personalized growth objectives with social equity considerations in secondary education transitions. Implications for China’s education reform: emphasizing its function as an academic proficiency benchmark over its role as a screening mechanism for school advancement; implementing a multi-dimensional evaluation system, moving beyond test-centric selection criteria; developing individualized career development support programs to guide students’ educational streaming aligned with personal aptitudes; prioritizing the cultivation of sustainable educational ecosystems that balance developmental diversity with systemic equity.更多还原