【摘要】 探究中国城乡居民食物消费及膳食营养素摄入变化具有重要意义。本文基于《中国统计年鉴》《中国农村统计年鉴》《中国住户调查年鉴》和《中国农村住户调查年鉴》，构建中国食物营养素模型，运用膳食平衡指数和与膳食推荐值对比，分析了2000–2020年中国城乡居民食物消费与营养素摄入量的结构和变化特征。研究结果表明：除谷物和糖类外，各类食品的消费量在城市地区高于农村地区，且农村居民食品消费结构的变化比城市居民更为明显；在膳食质量方面，20年来居民的综合膳食质量有所改善，2020年中国居民整体膳食质量和农村居民的膳食质量均处于中度失衡状态，而城市居民则处于轻度失衡状态，城乡居民食物消费的主要问题为谷类消费较高和奶类消费过低。与膳食推荐值对比来看，乳制品的消费量仍远低于中国营养学会推荐的摄入范围，而谷物的消费量则高于中国营养学会推荐的摄入范围。农村居民的膳食营养结构向城市居民方向演变，但农村居民的动植物膳食营养素摄入量仍落后于城市居民，差距约为20年。2000–2020年，城乡居民膳食营养结构发展为以粮食为主、植物油为辅的双重热量结构，以粮食为主、猪肉为辅的双重蛋白质结构，以植物油为主、猪肉和粮食为辅的三重脂肪结构。研究结果明确了城乡居民食物消费与膳食营养结构与变化，通过膳食营养质量分析，找寻目膳食结构的不足，提高城乡居民营养健康水平。更多还原

【Abstract】 Exploring the changes in food consumption and dietary nutrient intake of Chinese urban and rural residents is of great significance. This study constructed a Chinese food nutrient model using data from “China Statistical Yearbook”, “China Rural Statistical Yearbook”, “China Yearbook of Household Survey”, and “China Yearbook of Rural Household Survey”. The structure and changes in food consumption and nutrient intake among urban and rural residents in China from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed using dietary balance indices and comparisons with dietary recommendations. The results show that higher consumption of cereals and lower consumption of dairy products remained the main problems in food consumption by both urban and rural residents from 2000 to 2020. The dietary nutrient structure of urban and rural residents developed a dual calorie structure dominated by grain and supplemented by vegetable oil, a dual protein structure dominated by grain and supplemented by pork, and a triple fat structure dominated by vegetable oil and supplemented by both pork and grain. Rural plant-based and animal-based dietary nutrition lagged behind that of urban areas, with a difference of roughly 20 years. The results of this study clarified the food consumption and dietary nutritional structures and changes of urban and rural residents. We found the deficiencies in the current dietary structure and made recommendations for improving the nutritional health of urban and rural residents.更多还原