【摘要】 核桃是重要的坚果和油料树种，我国拥有丰富的种质资源并取得了显著的良种选育进展。系统梳理了我国在核桃种质资源的调查收集、种质鉴定、珍贵资源保存及分布区划等方面的研究成果，介绍了目前我国已建成的较为全面和完善的种质保存库与信息共享体系。概述了实生选种、引种、杂交育种、杂种无性系选育和砧木选育等方面的研究，重点分析了早实品种的选育过程及其优异性状和存在的易早衰与抗逆性差等问题，并探讨了通过无性系砧木改良的解决策略；总结了重要农艺性状遗传解析的研究进展，绘制出染色体水平高质量基因组序列图谱，研发出适用于核桃高密度基因型图谱构建的新方法 OutcrossSeq，以及获得核壳厚度和油脂形成等重要农艺性状的基因标记等；提出了“好吃、好剥和好卖”的育种目标，并展望了分子设计育种与基因组选择育种的未来发展方向，以期为进一步研究提供参考和依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Walnut(Juglans regia L.) is an important nut and oil tree species. China possesses abundant germplasm resources and has made significant progress in breeding superior cultivars. This paper reviewed research conducted in China on the investigation, collection, evaluation, and conservation of valuable walnut germplasm, as well as regional distribution zoning. A relatively comprehensive germplasm repository and information sharing system have been established. The review outlined research progress in seedling selection, introduction, cross-breeding, and the selection of hybrid clones and rootstocks. Particular emphasis was placed on the breeding of early-fruiting cultivars, highlighting their superior traits and associated shortcomings, such as susceptibility to premature decline and low stress tolerance, along with mitigation strategies utilizing clonal rootstocks. Advances in the genetic dissection of important agronomic traits were summarized, including the construction of a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome and the development of OutcrossSeq, a novel method for generating high-density genotyping maps. Key genetic markers linked to critical traits like endocarp thickness and oil synthesis have been identified. Furthermore, the paper proposed breeding objectives focused on superior organoleptic quality, ease of cracking, and enhanced marketability along with future development orientations for molecular design and genomic selection breeding, to provide a comprehensive reference and a solid foundation for further research.更多还原