【摘要】 近年来，得益于高功率飞秒激光技术的进步以及它们在气体和凝聚介质中产生高强度等离子体光丝的可能性，激光成丝现象在多个技术领域展现出了重要的潜在应用价值，因此学术界对该领域的兴趣日益浓厚。然而，由于大气环境的制约，激光成丝技术在空气中的实际应用仍有待进一步研究和发展。本文主要回顾了大气湍流对超短脉冲激光在大气中长距离传播过程中成丝特性影响的研究进展及大气湍流抑制理论与方法，重点探讨了全束自聚焦和湍流诱导的调制不稳定性两种物理机制，对当前激光成丝基础科学问题研究中存在的不足进行了分析，并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。更多还原

【Abstract】 Significance The study of ultra-short pulse lasers forming “optical filaments” in the atmosphere has significant fundamental scientific and engineering application values. It not only aids in a deeper understanding of the propagation mechanisms of high-power lasers in nonlinear media but also provides new physical platforms for remote sensing, communication, and environmental monitoring technologies. However, due to the complexity and uncertainty of atmospheric turbulence, research in this field still faces numerous challenges. Therefore, further exploring the physical mechanisms of filament formation and evolution, developing effective turbulence suppression methods, and promoting the development of related theoretical models and technological means are key directions for current and future research.Progress The article mentions that the ultra-high self-healing ability of optical filaments in clouds, aerosols, and water opens up new technological paths for laser communication. This means that even under adverse weather conditions(such as rainy days or heavy fog), laser signals transmitted via optical filaments can maintain high stability and penetration power. The aerodynamic effects induced by optical filaments provide new perspectives for energy transmission applications(such as laser propulsion) and directed energy and other high-power laser applications, which rely on maintaining intense laser beams over long distances, while atmospheric turbulence significantly affects their propagation characteristics. Optical filament technology also provides a reference for artificial weather modification(such as rain control and lightning control), indicating that the phenomenon of laser filamentation is not limited to communication and energy transmission but can also be used in fields such as meteorological engineering.The article of J. Pe?ano et al. introduced the self-channel transmission mechanism, which points out that in self-channel mode(Fig. 1), since the laser intensity is below the air molecule ionization threshold, it will not trigger multiphoton absorption or plasma formation, resulting in a more concentrated laser intensity distribution. This can overcome the beam expansion caused by turbulence and thus maintain transmission stability.When ultrafast laser pulses propagate through the atmosphere, it is necessary to investigate the effects of turbulence parameters on laser filamentation, including turbulence intensity, scale, and structural characteristics. These effects include random deflection of the beam, intensity fluctuations, and phase distortion, leading to degradation of beam quality and uneven energy distribution. The nonlinear transmission properties of ultrashort pulse lasers in turbulent atmospheres were discussed, particularly focusing on filament formation, spot evolution, and the impact of turbulence on transmission stability. It was described that under low turbulence intensity and low power conditions, the filament structure forms relatively stably, but quantitative analysis from experiments and simulations is limited. Referencing experiments by G. Di Com et al.(180 m) and simulation results(Fig. 3), in high-power conditions, modulationinstability(MI) would destroy the laser’s coherence, causing the spot to break into multiple bright points, forming a “multi-filament” phenomenon. Turbulence field perturbations make energy exchange and transfer uncertain, leading to random decay of sub-filaments’ intensity, irregular interference patterns, macroscopically manifests as spot jitter or drift, affecting stability and pointing after transmission. It is emphasized that this phenomenon is particularly important for high-repetition-rate pulsed lasers. Referencing experiments from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory(850 m atmospheric simulation duct in Fig. 5), although self-focusing effects help resist turbulence disturbances, the experiment showed that reducing the spot size cannot completely avoid drift problems caused by turbulence, especially in strong turbulence conditions.The article focuses on the competition mechanism between MI and turbulence. In weak turbulence, self-focusing of the entire beam predominates; in strong turbulence, MI is excited and may become the main driving factor for filamentation. The growth rate of MI depends on laser power, coherence length, and spatial perturbation scale, which determine whether a stable optical filament can be formed by the laser in the atmosphere and how to suppress its unstable behavior through control methods.In the field of novel laser parameter optimization, by adjusting the energy, wavelength, pulse width, and spatial distribution of the laser pulses, their stability and filamentation capability during propagation in the atmosphere can be enhanced. Especially for non-Gaussian beams(such as flattop beams or ring-shaped beams), further research may lead to new breakthroughs. The development of turbulence suppression technology indicates that more effective turbulence suppression theories and methods need to be developed, such as using multi-pulse, multi-wavelength lasers for interference control, adopting adaptive optical systems for real-time correction of the propagation path, and controlling energy flow through topological constraint mechanisms(Fig. 11). These studies will help improve the reliability of filaments in complex atmospheric environments.Conclusions and Prospects Current research on filamentation phenomena still has some shortcomings, such as an insufficient understanding of the dynamic process of light filaments forming in turbulent environments, a lack of effective turbulence suppression methods and models, and experimental conditions that are difficult to fully simulate real atmospheric environments. These issues limit the promotion of laser filamentation technology in practical applications. Further development of multiphysics coupling modeling is needed, which can simultaneously consider comprehensive models of nonlinear optical effects, turbulence disturbances, and plasma dynamics to more accurately predict filament behavior. Research on laser filamentation phenomena involves multiple fields such as optics, plasma physics, fluid mechanics, and meteorology. Future developments need to strengthen cooperation across these areas.更多还原